Rekindle Dynamics Essay -- Emergency Management

There argon a couple of(pre noneinal) natural phenomena with the scope and complexity of a forest fire (Van Wagner 1). Rekindles or reignitions that reburn an area over which a previous fire has passed but going fuel that later ignites due to latent heat, sparks, or embers (NWCG 2) is an amazing dowry of that phenomena. For instance fuel complexes that exhibit heavy fuel loads and cryptic organic layers. Namely under the decomposing leaf litter there are a compact organic horizon in which the ground or subsurface fires will re of import burning slowly (Loureno and Rainha 3). virtually rivers, peat bogs, old forests, and large decaying logs are prone to such fire persistence. As a result of the dryness left after the passage of the main fire front. Especially in major dry spells or droughts (Henderson and Muraro 4, horse parsley 5). Such underground burning in a smouldering head can erupt into flames when it gets the surface exposing this heated fuel to air (6). end-to-end the summer of 2010, Portugal had 14,551 primary wildfires. 17.2% of them rekindled in an additional 2,497 fires, leading to a do of 17,048 which accounted for 95% of the total annual burnt area of 132,241 ha (Pacheco 7). These figures dexterity be worse. Several authors suggest that the amount of rekindled forest fires is higher than the officially reported (Loureno and Rainha 3, ANIF 8). Expert-judgment elicitation in our interviews points to the double. Even assuming that the ready(prenominal) information is correct, there are too many rekindles (Beighley and Hyde 9). This is a concerning stance that has gotten worse over the years (ANIF 8), and results from ineffective mop-up operations (Loureno and Rainha 3, ANIF 8, Beighley and Hyde 9, ISA 10, Loureno 11, Murdock... .... 387-395, 2005.17AFN, I., Monitorizao e Avaliao do Plano Nacional de Defesa da Floresta Contra Incndios, 2009/2010 - Relatrio Final Preliminar, Autoridade Florestal Nacional, 2011.18Fernandes, P. M., tim ber fires in Galicia (Spain) The outcome of unbalanced fire management, Journal of Forest Economics, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 155-157, 2008.19Resoluo do Conselho de Ministros n. 65/2006, PNDFCI, 2006.20Oliveira, T., Relatrio da visita ao Chile, Proteco Florestal, grupo Portucel Soporcel, 2011.21Ahrens, M., Brush, Grass, and Forest Fires, 0877650357, issue Fire Protection Association, Fire Analysis and Research Division, 2010.22Pacheco, A. P., Oliveira, T., & Claro, J., Simulation synopsis of the impact of ignitions, rekindles and false alarms on the performance of forest fire suppression, FEUP, University of Porto, 2012.