Israel-Palestinian Conflict free essay sample

This paper argues the Israel-Palestinian conflict from the authors point of view. This paper attempts to find a solution to the Israel-Palestinian conflict. It covers these areas: The Issue Background to the Tensions and the Present State of the Conflict: Justification for Continued Israeli Occupation Past US Role in the Israeli Palestine Conflict Possible Reasons for the American Administrations Current Inaction Saudi Peace Plan Recent UN Resolution A Proposal to Resolve the Problem As violence escalates in Palestine, the intractable problem becomes even more intractable. Intense fighting between Israelis and Palestinians, the most intense inside the borders of the former Palestine since Israels creation in 1948, are claiming a daily toll in double digits. Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharons increasingly tough tactics are exacerbating the conflict. A war of attrition is going on that has the potential to escalate into an all out regional war.

A Female for the First Essay Essay Example

A Female for the First Essay Essay Example A Female for the First Essay Essay A Female for the First Essay Essay Although a really well-thought-of female journalist. Susan Jacoby was labeled as a â€Å"First Amendment junkie† by many other adult females for her personal positions refering the censoring of erotica in society. Ultimately. she believed that censoring of any sort against erotica was incorrect. Feminists were infuriated that another female acknowledged pornography’s right to be. Susan Jacoby did non needfully hold with erotica. but she felt that its rights guaranteed under the First Amendment should non be excluded. There is no cosmopolitan definition for the reading of the First Amendment in which every individual American can hold upon. It was created with the basic apprehension that everyone portion the same rights. Trying to appeal to womens rightists that erotica is protected under the First Amendment is about an impossibleness. Susan Jacoby refers to the womens rightists as a societal group entity that wants to utilize their powers of the province to seek and alter what has non been able to be changed. She believes womens rightists lack any existent rational ground for the censoring of erotica and that it is incorrect merely because they say it is. In the eyes of womens rightists. all types of erotica will doubtless take to force. devastation. and the immoral ruin of world. as we know it. Obviously. womens rightists understand the point of views for all adult females and cognize precisely what is good and what is non for them. Feminists believe themselves to be an below the belt treated minority in society. They have banned together to support other adult females across the state from going victims of sexual lewdnesss and disgusting coarseness. It is more of import that the freedom of address granted to pornography be censored more than the freedom of address granted to other thoughts such as sapphism or abortion. Truly. it is diverting to see how womens rightists have assigned a degree of tolerance towards different thoughts and that erotica is at the top of their list. The single-mindedness and tunnel vision of womens rightists for the attack on erotica causes them to wholly ignore other thoughts that can besides be constituted as incorrect and consequently be denied the FirstAmendment besides. Susan Jacoby did an first-class occupation of remaining impersonal in her positions of back uping erotica and chiefly focused on showing the First Amendment rights. Pornography is a difficult topic to support and edify people about because the industry is built around the controversial and forbidden thoughts of sex. Although everyone is making it. non everyone is freely speaking about it. Besides entree to erotica is regulated forestalling under aged kids from sing it ; hence. giving it more of an feeling that it is incorrect. Despite all the negative deductions. Susan Jacoby understands that if society denies pornography’s rights under the First Amendment. so society must in bend deny every other thought their rights as good. The very foundation of the First Amendment allowing freedom of address and imperativeness to everyone should non hold loopholes or freedoms for anything merely because one type of societal group disagrees with the positions of another. Plants Cited: Jacoby. Susan. â€Å"First Amendment Junkie. † Critical Thinking. Barnet. Sylvan and Hugo Bedaw. Boston: Bedford St. Martin. 2005. 41-43.

Violence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Violence - Research Paper Example It was a role that only become more complex following the age of American slavery, when the woman of color was not just a servant or a woman, but a sexual tool to be used at will by whichever man has current rights to her. The question of the modern age, then, can be put in terms of who has control of the woman’s sexuality, the woman or the man who ‘owns’ her. This struggle over who has control of the woman’s sexuality is one of the primary themes that runs through Alice Walker’s novel The Color Purple. As Celie develops from an oppressed black woman of the South to a liberated woman of the modern age, the elements of symbolic sexism are exposed both within the novel. Alice Walker’s novel The Color Purple (1982), investigates the black American woman’s experience of double oppression, first as a black person and then, more significantly, as a woman, elements that are present to different degrees within the film version (1985). The main character, Celie, is presented as a black woman heavily oppressed, trained early to be subservient and completely conventional in her ideas as a result. Through epistolary segments, the maturation process of Celie is revealed in letters to God until Celie can’t accept Him as a protective figure anymore and then Nettie, Celie’s sister, upon her discovery that Nettie is still alive. These letters indicate Celie’s changing ideas and strengthening resolve to reclaim her sexuality and femininity as something to be treasured and something only she should control. Influenced by the appearance of strong women within her world, such as her step-son’s wife and especially the ‘wild-woman’ Shug, Celie is able to find inner strength and value she never suspected. By the end of the novel, Walker’s Celie has become a confident, powerful and successful business woman growing old in the love of her family and defining her own boundaries. The female cha racters sympathize with the male characters to the point where women ultimately relinquish the power and strength gained by the other characters in the novel, still illustrated through the traditional symbolic sexism that places women at the mercy of, or at least still anxious to satisfy, the whims of men. Within the book, Celie’s progression occurs in an obvious progression rather than the subtle movement of the character. Celie begins the novel in poverty of spirit and opportunity. As a young black girl living on a 1930s cotton farm in the South, she is isolated from the rest of her community and immediately placed on the bottom rung of society in that she is black and she is female. This means she is oppressed by the white people as well as oppressed by the black men. At 14 years old, her mother is already worn out from life and soon dies while Celie becomes her father’s new sexual and emotional outlet, a mere object upon which he can vent. While her emotions of gui lt, shame and despair as the two children he fathers on her are taken away â€Å"to be with God† are revealed in her nearly illiterate diary, these feelings never come close to being considered by those around her. â€Å"Not only was Celie’s initiation into sexual experience in the form of rape committed by her stepfather, but

FORENSIC CRI MINOLOGY 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words - 1

FORENSIC CRI MINOLOGY 1 - Essay Example This case study’s objective is to assess the research article entitled, ‘Direct work with racially motivated offenders’. Cognitive behavior of an individual has become one of the significant elements in the criminology to understand criminal behaviors among individual. Criminologists and sociologist claim society plays a crucial role in the development of cognitive behavior of individual. Social strains (racial, ethnic, cultural, linguistic etc.) and aggressive racial prejudices are linked with the offending behaviors. With the passage of time, criminologist seeks to understand criminal behaviors through implementation of socio-economic theories to develop in-depth understanding about crime and criminal behaviors in the society. Criminologists are inclined to eliminate criminal behaviors through developing effective cognitive behavior programs and designs to eliminate criminal behaviors in the society. Criminologists are inclined to understand the social strain th at lead individual to adopt criminal behaviors. Similarly, David Court (2003) in their study shares the researcher share personal experience of piloting intervention material design for work. In order to understand the behaviours of racially motivated offend, David analyizes the murder of Rolan Adams, Rohit Dughal and Stephen Lawrences. David Court (2003) in the study implemented draft assessment and intervention material in order to assess criminal behaviors prevailing in racially motivated offenders. The main focus of the intervention was designed for the participants at work. The intervention program is based on seven module assessment that allows the understand the development of offending behaviors through understanding socialization process of individual from their childhood that leads to the develop racial identities among individuals. The findings of the study highlights that the early results have showed positive

Two Statistical Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Two Statistical Methods - Essay Example This distribution is a theoretical method used normally to have the goodness of fit of an observed statistic to a theoretical model and the degrees of freedom that it is calculated to. The chi-square is used to test both of these parameters. Most often this is used in specifically to address the issues relating to proportion of population. Two chi-square tests are comfortably used; one, test for goodness of fit and two, test for independence2. Analysis of Variance provides the methodology to analyses a dependent variable and the effect of other interval independent variables on the values of the dependent variable. ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) may be One-way ANOVA when the effect of one independent variable is measured. However, effects of multiple interval independent variables can be measured. This helps in substantiating the 'main effects' and the 'interaction effects'3. Main effects bring out the direct variation in the dependent variable due to every single independent variable. Whereas, the interact effect brings out the combined effect of the independent variables on the dependent variable. This is normally analyzed in various combinations.

Neural Control Of Respiration Health And Social Care Essay

Neural Control Of Respiration Health And Social Care Essay Breathing is a complex behaviour which is governed by a variety of regulatory mechanism under the control of large part of central nervous system Breathing exercise improves lung volume and lung capacities and the term geriatrics comes from the Greek geron meaning old man and iatros meaning healer. However Geriatrics differs from gerontology, which is the study of the aging process itself. The by some as Medical Gerontology In geriatric age group decrease in thoracic mobility also results in decreased vital capacity, this decline in pulmonary function can negatively impact on older individuals ability to exercise Neurophysiological facilitation and diaphragmatic breathing exercise given to thorax give attachment to the respiratory muscles. Some of age related changes are: increase in rigidity of trachea and bronchi, decrease in elasticity of bronchial walls, decrease in cilia Age related changes in respiratory muscles show increase in contraction and relaxation time and alteration in diaphragm position and efficiency Changes in respiratory and pulmonary performance occur gradually allowing the elderly to continue to breathe effortlessly in the absence of pathological status. when the elderly are confronted with a little exersion or stress however, dysnea and other symptoms usually appear The prominent effect of age related changes on the respiratory system is reduced efficiency in ventilation and gas exchange. The respiratory system includes nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar duct and alveoli [Ebersole and Hess 1998] NOSE Nose is readily visible appendage, which with age elongates downward and it has been suggested that this age related changes may account for the mouth breathing that occurs while the elder sleep and thus the lack of saliva production [Saxon And Etten 1994] TRACHEA Stiffening of the larynx and tracheal cartilage occurs as a result of calcification. The cilia that line the trachea and help to push up mucus, debris and dust into the pharynx makes it less effective, cilia decrease in number with decrease in respiratory epithelium and increase in bronchial mucus gland hypertrophy [Shumman 1995] CHEST WALL AND LUNGS According to Tockman[1995] when a person reaches 55, his or her respiratory muscles start to weaken. Chest wall compliance began to decrease and there is loss of elastic recoil as a result of ventilation and gas exchangs are affected. OXYGEN EXCHANGE The aged blood oxygen level is approximately 75mmhg, whereas blood oxygen level of younger adult ranges from 90mmhg to 95 mmhg RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS According to Tockmann airway problems experienced later in life are due to repeated inflammatory injuries, disruption of inflammatory mediators and humeral protection and tissue repair. The thorax or chest wall become less complain with age, meaning it gets stiffer because of calcification of the chondral cartilage or kypho scoliosis. This results in the chest wall becoming fixed in slight expanded position from which there is restriction in its ability to expand outward further or to contract inward. During normal breathing rib cage expansion accounts for about 40% in adult but only 30% in elderly (Rossi et al., 1996). The muscles of thoracic cage are the only skeletal muscles that must contract on a regular basis throughout the life span (Rossi et al., 1996). The strength of an old adults diaphragm is noted to about 28% less than the young adult (Enright, 1999). Whether cross linkage or changes in location and orientation of the individual elastic fibers within the lung (De martinis and timiras, 2003, culver and butler, 1985. Sparrow and Weiss, 1988). The alveolar ducts to become enlarged and the alveoli to fallen this results in more over staying within the alveolar duct rather than within the alveoli where oxygen exchange is more efficient (Demartins and Timiras, 2003). Elderly people are at an increased risk for lung infection and the body has many ways to protect against lung infection with aging, these defenses may weaken. The cough reflex may not trigger readily and the cough may be less forceful the hair like protection that line the airway cilia, are less able to move mucus up and out of the airway. 1.1 AIM AND NEED OF STUDY There are many biological researches done on neural control of respiration hence there is need of clinical implication to assist the integrity of such biological research It is needed to evaluate effectiveness of neuro physiological facilitation of respiration which can be evaluated by chest expansion It is needed to evaluate effectiveness of diaphragmatic breathing exercise which can be evaluated by chest expansion 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE STUDY This a study on the effect of neurophysiological facilitation and diaphragmatic breathing exercise in improving chest expansion of geriatric population 1.3 HYPOTHESIS Null hypothesis There is no significant effect of neurophysiological facilitation technique compared with diaphramtic breathing technique in improving chest expansion, peak expiratory flow rate, and inspiratory capacity. Alternative hypothesis There is significant effect of neurophysiological facilitation technique compared with diaphramtic breathing technique in improving chest expansion, peak expiratory flow rate, and inspiratory capacity. 1.4 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION 1. Diaphragmatic breathing exercise A breathing exercise that emphasizes the contraction and release of the diaphragm muscle to fully inflate the lung, there by engaging the muscle of the back and abdomen [by Marguerite Agle october29,2008] 2. Neurophysiological facilitation Neurophysiological facilitation of respiration is the use of selective external proprioceptive and tactile stimuli that produce reflexive movement response in the ventilator apparatus to assist respiration 3. Chest expansion Chest wall expansion was defined as a circumferential measurement of chest wall where recorded in centimeter using rectractable tape 4. Peak expiratory flow rate Peak flowmeter measures the patients maximum speed of expiration or expiratory flow rate 5. Inspiratory capacity The volume of gas that can be taken into the lungs in a full inhalation, starting from the resting inspiratory position; equal to the tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve volume. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Joy Varghese[2009] the effectiveness of the neurophysiological facilitation of respiration technique with chest physiotherapy technique in respiratory care of people with intellectual disability The PNF technique was found to be the main contributors to improvement in spo2 for subject with myotonic dystrophy [dr. Jennifer article published on online 29th march 2006,volume-7,issue-4 page 228-238] Inter costal stretch alter breathing pattern and respiratory muscle activity in conscious adult [volume 88, issue 2, February 2002, page 89-97. T. Pakree. FCerny and b.Bishop Jennifer and Ammani [2001] the proprioceptive and tactile stimuli selected produce remarkable consistent reflexive response in ventilator muscles Tucker et al [1999] suggest that there is an increase in chest wall movement and increase in lung volume Miller et al [1997] have considered the many neural structures that can potentially modifies the final output of the ventilatory muscles Duron and rose [1997] afferent input that activates the dorsal intercostal muscle is consistent where every intercostal space the dorsal part of external [inspiration] and the dorsal part of internal [expiration] intercostal muscles are antagonistic during quite breathing Destroyer [1997] inspiratory force of the diaphragm is also related to its opposition to the rib cage. Frazier et al 1997, Hilaire and Monteau 1997 afferent information from the lower intercostals and the abdominal muscles may facilitate phrenic motar neuron by a spinal reflex . emerging evidence suggest that phrenic afferent are more involve in respiratory regulation during stress breathing Richer et al [1997] efferent axons from the medullary neurons project to the inspiratory neurons in the spinal cord Frozer et al [1997] states that respiratory drive is regulated by information from sensory receptor within the airways ,lungs and respiratory muscles as well as central and peripheral chemoreceptor Hilare et al [1997] emerging evidence suggested that phrenic nerve are more involve in respiratory regulation during stress breathing James E zachazewski [1996] PNF techniques are used to place specific demand promoting or hastening the response of tissue through the use of stimulation of proprioceptor Carolyn kisner [1996] has given the result that the diaphragmatic breathing exercise is improving ventilation and chest expansion Scand j.t [1995] states that any exercise given to diaphragm, moblises chest wall and improves ventilation Vibekk[1991] pilot studies have shown improvement in lung function in subject with cystic fibrosis using these techniques Green and morhan [1985] breathing control in normal tidal breathing using lower chest with relaxation of upper chest and shoulder .diaphragm work to improve the work of inspiratory muscles Hamberg and lindahi [1981] have shown improvement in chest wall pain due thorasic spine disorder followed by these techniques Menkes and traysman [1977] breathing is regulated by a multiple of reflex, negative feedback circuit and feed forward mechanism Bethene [1975 and 1976] neurophysiological facilitation of respiration is the use of selective external proprioceptive and tactile stimuli that produce reflexive movement response in ventilator apparatus to assist respiration .the response they elicit appear to alter the rate and depth of breathing Sumi[1973] studies tactile and pressure receptor in the cat and reported thorasic cutaneous fields for both inspiratory and expiratory motar neurons he proposed the local cutaneous stimulus of the thorasic would then tend to reflexively produce an inspiratory position of rib cage Franstin [1970] experiment with decerebrate in cat have demonstrated that there is increase muscle tone also involves the intercostals muscles providing the respiratory muscle also obeys brain stem mechanism Voss [1967] tactile cules on PNF are mainly provided by therapist manual contact which facilitate movement through or promote relaxation, manual contact must applied to agonist to facilitate maximal response Eklud et al [1964] demonstrated reflex effect on intercostal motar activity in response to stimulation of artery from overlying skin 3. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research design The research design of this study is experimental, comparative in nature 3.2 Settings The study was conducted in RVS hospital 3.3 Criteria for selection 3.4 Inclusion criteria Geriatric Population Only Males Age Above 60 -70Years 3.5 Exclusion criteria subject with recent rib fracture patient with coronary disease patient with recent surgery patient with systemic illness 3.6 Sample population 30 subject and 15 in each group 3.7 Method of sampling Random sampling technique 3.8 VARIABLE USED IN THE STUDY Independent variable Diaphragmatic breathing exercise Neurophysiological facilitation Dependent variable Chest expansion Peak expiratory flow rate Inspiratory capacity 3.9 METHODOLOGY 30 subject are selected and divided into two groups The procedure was explained to subject Group A- treated with diaphragmatic breathing exercise Group B- treated with neurophysiological facilitation technique Hence both the group are treated and after 10 days chest expansion measured along with peak expiratory flow rate and inspiratory capacity TECHINIQUES DIAPHRAGMATIC BREATHING EXERCISE Prepare the patient in relaxed and comfortable position in which gravity assist the diaphragm such as semi reclining position If your examination reveals that the patient initiate the breathing pattern with the accessory muscles of respiration. Start instruct by teaching the patient how to relax those muscles[shoulder rool or Shoulder shrugle coupled with relaxation place your hand on the rectus abdominal muscle just below the anterior costal margin ask the patient to breathe slowly and deeply through the nose. Have the patient keep the shoulder relaxed and upper chest quite allowing the abdomen to rise slightly then tell the patient to relax and exhale slowly through the mouth. Have the patient practice this 3or 4 times and then rest. Do not allow the patient to hyperventilate If the patient is having difficulty in using the diaphragm during inspiration have the patient inhale several times in succession through nose by using sniffing action this action used to facilitate diaphragm NEURO PHYSIOLOGICAL FACILITATION TECHINIQUE 1. Inter costal stretch Intercostal stretch is provided by applying pressure to upper border of rib in a direction that will widen the space above it pressure should be applied in downward direction not inward, stretch is maintained as the patient continues to breathe in his usual manner, as the stretch is maintained, a gradual increase in inspiratory movement in and around area being stretched occur. When performing over an area of instability as in presence of paradoxical movement of upper rib cage or over decrease mobility. This procedure is effective in restoring normal breathing pattern where epigastric excursion can be observed and increase in area being stretched. This represents reflexive activation of diaphragm by intercostal afferent that innervate its margin. 2. Vertebral pressure Position of patient: Supine lying Procedure: A firm pressure is applied directly over the vertebrae of upper and lower thoracic cage activates dorsal intercostal muscles, pressure should be appl;ied with open hand and must be firm enough to provide some stretch. i) Vertebral pressure high Manual pressure to upper thoracic vertebrae T2 T5 Response obtain was increase in epigastric excursion. Deep breathing ii) Vertebral pressure low Pressure over lower thoracic vertebrae T7- T 10 Response obtain was increase in respiratory movement of apical thorax. 3. Anterior stretch lifting posterior basal area Position of patient: Supine lying Procedure: Placing t he hands under ribs and lifting gently upward. The lift is maintained and provides a maintained stretch and pressure posteriorly and anterior stretch. Response obtain as a result the lift is sustained and stretch is maintained and increase in movement of ribs in lateral and posterior direction can be seen and felt, increase in epigastric movement and expansion of posterior basal. Maintained manual pressure From contact of open hands is maintained over an area in which expansion is desired gradual increase in excursion of ribs under contact will be felt. This is useful procedure to obtain expansion in any situation where pain is present for instance when there is chest tubes or cardiac surgery which may have required splinting of sternum. Manual contact over the posterior chest wall is also useful and comfortable for person with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 5. Perioral pressure Perioral stimulation is provided by applying firm maintained pressure to the patient top lip being carefully not to occlude the nasal passage (the use of surgical gloves to avoid contamination) the response to this stimuli is brief for 5 seconds a period of apnea followed by increase in epigastric excursion. Pressure is maintained for the length of time the therapist wishes the patient to breath in active pattern. As the stimuli is maintained the epigastric excursion may increase so that movement is transmitted to the upper chest and the patient appears to deep breathing. 6. Co contraction of the abdomen Pressure is applied simultaneously over the patents lower lateral ribs and over the ilium in direction right angle to the patient. Moderate force is applied and maintained roods believe that this procedure increase tone in abdominal muscles and activates diaphragm. The response obtain are depression of umbilicus, as the pressure is maintained increase abdominal tone is seen and palpated, in the presence of retained secretion abdominal contraction may produce coughing (as ventilation increase cough can occur in any procedure), in obese abdominal co-contraction has frequently result in decrease abdominal girth. PROCEDURE METHODS OBSERVATION 1.PERIORAL PRESSURE 2.[1]VERTEBRAL PRESSURE HIGH 2[2].VERTEBRAL PRESSURE LOW 3.ANTERIOR STRETCH LIFTING POSTERIOR BASAL AREA 4.CO-CONTRACTION OF ABDOMEN 5.INTERCOSTAL STRETCH 6. MAINTAINED MANUAL PRESSURE Pressure is applied to the patients toplip by the therapist fingers and maintained Manual pressure to thoracic vertebrae in region of T2-T5 Manual pressure to thoracic veretebrae In region of T7-T10 Patient supine Hands under lower ribs lifting upward Pressure laterally over ribs and pelvis Alternate right and left side Stretch on expiratory phase maintained Moderate pressure of open hands Increase epigastric excursion, Deep breathing, Mouth closure, Swallowing, Increase epigastric, exursion Deep breathing, Increased respiratory Movement of apical thorax Expansion of posterior basal area Increasing epigastric movement, increase muscle contraction, decrease girth in obese Increase movement of area being stretched Gradual increase of area under contact 3.10 MEASURING TOOL Inch tape Peak flow meter Incentive spirometer CHEST EXPANSION Chest expansion measured with a measuring tape in 3 levels 1. Axillary 2. Nipple 3. Xiphisternum The measurement is taken at full inspiration and at full expiration The measurement at expiration-the measurement at inspiration gives the amount of chest expansion. PEAK FLOW METER A peak flow meter measures the patient maximum speed of expiration or expiratory flow rate PROCEDURE Make sure the peak flow meter reads zero Stand up right The mouth piece should be cleaned with antiseptic in each use Form a tight seal with the lips around the mouth piece Take a deep breath Blow as hard and as fast as the person can until all the air is gone from the lungs If the patient cough or make mistake, just repeat. In between each attempt, make sure the peal flow meter reads zero Take some deep breath between peak flow attempts if the person feels dizzy. Stop the testing and sit down for few minutes before continuing. Do not put the tongue inside the hole do not cover the hole and the back of the peak flow meter when holding it. Record the readings shown in peak flow meter. INCENTIVE SPIROMETER PROCEDURE 1. Hold the incentive Spiro meter upright 2. Breath out normally, close your lips tightly around the mouth piece and inhale slowly through your mouth. This slow deep breath will raise the ball in clear chamber of the Spiro meter 3. Continue to breath in, trying it raise the ball as high as you can. Read the volume that you have achieved by raise in ball 4. When you feel like you cannot breathe in any longer, take your breath for3to 5 seconds then breathe out slowly 5. After you have taken 10 deep breaths on your incentive Spiro meter, it is important to cough to try to remove secretion that build up in your lungs 6. Incase of surgery splint your incision with pillow or blanket. 7. Measure the level of raise in ball during breath. 4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPREATION The data collected was subjected to pairedt test individually for group A and group B using formulas. Formula 1 d = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ d/n Where, d = difference between pre test and post test values d = is the mean value of d n = is the number of subjects à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ (d-d)2 (n -1) Æ’-Formula 2: Standard deviation SD = Formula 3: Standard Error (S.E) = SD Æ’-n t calculated value = d S.E Formula 4: t cal = d S.E Where, t cal is the t calculated value INDEPENDENTt TEST Æ’- Formula 1: S= (n1-1)s12 + (n2-1) s22 n1+n2 -2 Where, s is the standard deviation n1 is the number of subject in group A n2- is the number of subject in group B s1 is the standard deviation of group A s2 is the standard deviation of group B Æ’- Formula2 S.E = S 1/n12 + 1/n22 Where, s is the standard deviation S.E. is the standard error Formula 3 X1 X2 t cal = S.E Where, X1 is the average of difference in values between pretest and post test X2 is the average of difference in values between pretest and post test Paired T test [comparison of pretest and posttest mean] Pairedt test 1. Chest expansion TABLE 1 Axillary level Subject Chest expansion Group A Group B Pretest mean 1.13 1.46 Posttest mean 2.6 2.73 S.D 0.5168 0.4582 In group A the mean chest expansion for (axillary level), pre test value was 1.1 and post test value was 2.6 for 14 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance, the t table value is 2.145 and t calculated value is 10.491 which is greater than t value and in group B the mean chest expansion for (axillary level), pre test value was 1.46 and post test value was 2.73 for 14 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance, the t table value is 2.145 and t calculated value is 10.650 statistically significant TABLE II Nipple level Subject Chest expansion Group A Group B Pretest mean 1.93 2.00 Posttest mean 3.06 3.33 S.D 0.4423 0.4884 In group A the mean chest expansion for (Nipple level), pre test value was 1.93 and post test value was 3.06 for 14 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance, the t table value is 2.145 and t calculated value is 9.894 which is greater than t value and in group B the mean chest expansion for (Nipple level), pre test value was 2.00 and post test value was 3.33 for 14 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance, the t table value is 2.145 and t calculated value is 10.546, statistically significant TABLE III Xiphisternal level Subject Chest expansion Group A Group B Pre test mean 2.46 2.53 Post test mean 3.46 3.93 S.D 1.2489 0.5731 In group A the mean chest expansion for (Xiphisternal level), pre test value was 2.46 and post test value was 3.46 for 14 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance, the t table value is 2.145 and t calculated value is 3.7213 which is greater than t value and in group B the mean chest expansion for (Xiphisternal level), pre test value was 2.53 and post test value was 3.93 for 14 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance, the t table value is 2.145 and t calculated value is 9.4611, statistically significance 2. Peak expiratory flow rate TABLE 1V Subject Peak expiratory flow rate Group A Group B Pre test mean 130.33 113 Post test mean 148 122 S.D 4.5512 7.7451 In group A the mean peak expiratory flow rate pre test value was 130.33 and post test value was 148 for 14 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance, the t table value is 2.145 and t calculated value is 14.467which is greater than t value and in group B the mean peak expiratory flow rate pre test value was 113 and post test value was 122 for 14 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance, the t table value is 11.001 and t calculated value is 9.4611, statistically significant 3. Inspiratory capacity TABLE V Subject Inspiratory capacity Group A Group B Pre test mean 1.2 1.26 Post test mean 2.6 2.86 S.D 0.5731 0.5209 In group A the mean inspiratory capacity pre test value was 1.2 and post test value was 2.6 for 14 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance, the t table value is 2.145 and t calculated value is 9.4611 which is greater than t value and in group B the mean inspiratory capacity pre test value was 1.26 and post test value was 2.86 for 14 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance, the t table value is 2.145 and t calculated value is 11.375, statistically significant GRAPH- I GROUP A (Chest Expansion: Axillary, Nipple, Xiphisterinal level) GRAPH-II GROUP B (Chest Expansion: Axillary, Nipple, Xiphisterinal level) GRAPH-III GROUP -A (Peak Expiratory Flow Rate) GRAPH-IV GROUP -B (Peak Expiratory Flow Rate) GRAPH-V GROUP -A (inspiratory capacity) GRAPH-VI GROUP -B (inspiratory capacity) Independent t test Chest expansion (axillary level) TABLE VI Subject Neurophysiological facilitation VS diaphragmatic breathing exercise Group A Group B Post test mean 2.6 2.73 Independent t test 0.7865 The independentt test value for chest expansion (axillary level) is 0.78650 respectively for 28 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance and critical table value is 2.048 there fore there is no significant difference in both the group. 2. Chest expansion (Nipple level) TABLE VII Subject Neurophysiological facilitation VS diaphragmatic breathing exercise Group A Group B Post test mean 3.06 3.33 Independent t test 1.1751 The independentt test value for chest expansion (Nipple level) is 1.1757 respectively for 28 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance and critical table value is 2.048 there fore there is no significant difference in both the group. 3. Chest expansion (Xiphisternal level) TABLE VIII Subject Neurophysiological facilitation VS diaphragmatic breathing exercise Group A Group B Post test mean 3.46 3.93 Independent t test 0.5641 The independentt test value for chest expansion (Xiphisternal level) is 0.5641 respectively for 28 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance and critical table value is 2.048 there fore there is no significant difference in both the group. 4. Peak expiratory flow rate TABLE IX Subject Neurophysiological facilitation VS diaphragmatic breathing exercise Group A Group B Post test mean 148 122 Independent t test 0.0555 The independent t test value for peak expiratory flow rate is 0.0555 respectively for 28 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance and critical table value is 2.048 there fore there is no significant difference in both the group. 4. Inspiratory capacity TABLE X Subject Neurophysiological facilitation VS diaphragmatic breathing exercise Group A Group B Post test mean 2.6 2.86 Independent t test 0.6509 The independent t test value for inspiratory capacity is 0.6509 respectively for 28 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance and critical table value is 2.048 there fore there is no significant difference in both the group. Independentt test GRAPH-VII Chest expansion (axillary level) GRAPH- VIII Chest expansion (Nipple level) GRAPH- IX Chest expansion (Xiphisternal level) GRAPH-X Peak expiratory flow rate GRAPH-XI Inspiratory capacity INTERPRETATION OF DATA Calculated value of pairedt test for group A [chest expansion] Axillary level- T= 10.491 Nipple level T= 9.894 Xiphisternal level- T= 3.7213 Calculated value of paired T test for group B [chest expansion] Axillary level- T= 10.650 Nipple level- T= 10.546 Xiphisternal level- T= 9.4611 Calculated value of paired T test for group A [peak expiratory flow rate] T= 14.467 Calculated value of paired T test for group B [peak expiratory flow rate] T= 11.001 Calculated value of paired T test for group A [inspiratory capacity] T= 9.4611 Calculated value of paired T test for group B [inspiratory capacity] T = 11.375 Calculated T value is greater than T table value Calculated value of independent T test for chest expansion Axillary level- T= 0.7865 Nipple level- T = 1.1757 Xiphisternal level- T= 0.5641 2. Calculated value of independent T test for inspiratory capacity

Personal Experience Essay -- Learning Education Teacher Essays

Personal Experience I have had the great opportunity to be apart of a great program and class at college. Most of us who are going to become teachers know about this class and the required 80 hours of volunteering at a middle school for a semester. I was eager to volunteer, because I have experience in working with middle school kids. The school I work for, has prepared me to handle school aged kids, so I was relying on my background to carry me though the semester at a new Middle school. The privileges of a private school are a lot different from an inner city school. When I began to volunteer at Baker I was shocked to discover that the students were not allowed to take books home to finish their school work. When it came time to read a book the teacher would distribute the books to the students, but then recollect them afterwards. At Denver Academy, the teachers purchase and distribute the books to the class and the students get to keep the books forever. I was about to find out how hard it is for these students to be motivated to attend school everyday when these kids are lacking a stable environment. I was leaving my comfort zone to enter an entirely different type of school environment. The first day of my volunteering at Baker middle school was filled with apprehension, because I was entering an entirely new situation and leaving the safety of Denver Academy behind. As I walked into the classroom, it was as if there were a hundred eyes staring in my direction. As quickly as the stares came, they went away as if I was not even there anymore. I could only imagine what kind of thoughts and questions were going through their heads. I’m sure the first question would be why... ... lot they can learn from the students a Baker, because even though some of the students don’t care about education. There are some students who do, and they are given the tools they need to make it through. The students at Baker are just happy to have someone show an interest in what they are doing. I saw it in their eyes when I gave them praise on something they did during the time I was there. That praise can carry a student along way which to me is rewarding in it self. I can only hope that the time I spent with these students can encourage at least a few to continue on the academic path and make a name for them selves later in life. These kids deserve every opportunity we can give them and I am proud to be a piece of the big picture. We can only guess how hard it is for these students, so let’s make sure we give them a safe and helping hand along the way.

The Telecommuting and Its Effects

On September 20, 1994, some 32,000 AT&T employees stayed home. They weren†t sick or on strike. They were telecommuting. Employees ranging from the CEO to phone operators were part of an experiment that involved 100,000 people. It†s purpose? To explore how far a vast organization could go in transforming the workplace by moving the work to the worker instead of the worker to work. Today AT&T is just one of many organizations pioneering the alternative workplace (AW-also known as telecommuting) – the combination of nontraditional work practices, settings, and locations that is beginning to supplement traditional offices (Apgar, 121). According to IDC/Link Resources, New York, approximately 8 million Americans currently telecommute. A survey conducted by Olsten Corp., Melville, N.Y., reports that 62 percent of North American companies encourage telecommuting (Riggs, 46). In addition, research shows about 50% of all employees either have a job that lends itself to telecommuting or want to get involved in telecommuting. Most researchers agree that telecommuting growth is fastest in companies employing more than 1,000 and in those with under 10 employees (Harler, 26). Telecommuting came into existence out of necessity. First, increasing global competition has brought pressures and opportunities to businesses, consultants, and service vendors. As a result, the Yankee Group predicts that as many as 80 percent of all employers will have to adopt remote work in order to compete in world markets by mid-to late nineties (Manire, 51). Second, the Information Age necessitates that companies move faster and thus act and react to business conditions sooner. Third, telecommuting has been increasingly enforced at state and federal levels due to the Clean Air Act (CAA) of 1970, as amended in 1990. The CAA affects any firm with over 100 employees in areas with â€Å"severe ozone attainment levels†, which covers every good-sized city in the nation (Harler, 27). The Impact of the Internet on Telecommuting The Internet is widely becoming part of the plan when implementing and integrating telecommuting solutions. The Internet can add a powerful dimension to the management of both internal and external information functions and strengthen the organization†s human resource management information systems. Communicating Internally. The Internet is redefining how we communicate at all organizational levels – with individuals, teams and groups, and the corporation†s entire labor force (Kuzmits and Santos, 35). While the Internet is not about to eliminate phones, fax machines, or the U.S. postal service, it will gradually wean us from our reliance on traditional forms of communication, and will reduce the need to conduct one of the biggest time-wasters: face-to-face meetings. This can be effectively achieved by using e-mail, which reduces toll charges on phone calls and rounds of frustrating attempts via voice mail. Internet â€Å"phones†, while limited, currently allows for free communication without the toll charges of traditional phone networks (Kuzmits and Santos, 36). Communicating Externally. With the Internet†s links to millions of computers across the world, human resource professionals can now tap into a rich array of external information resources. There are numerous links to human resources and management associations, consultants, research organizations, and local, state, and federal government organizations. Publishers of human resource information and journals are also on the Internet, providing an important source of articles on current human resources issues and trends (Kuzmits and Santos, 37). Telecommuting provides many benefits to both employers and employees. Telecommuting increase productivity, decrease office space (and thus fixed costs), improved morale, and absenteeism. Disabled workers can benefit enormously from working at home, and can save companies some of the costs of in-depth compliance with the American Disabilities Act (Harler, 27). In addition, the following benefits could be derived: Achievement of the balance between work and personal time Geographic dispersion of staff resources (Berhard, 22). Implements a means to distribute resources strategically and accommodate customers with measurable satisfaction ratios (Berhard, 22). Achieve new levels of operational efficiency Contemporary trend toward executive management using remote connectivity for video conferencing and global access to mission-critical application systems (Berhard, 22). Gives companies an edge in vying for – and keeping – talented, highly motivated employees. In addition, compensation will eventually be changed to reflect the new work environment. The valued role of incentive rewards may increase as a result of the extra hours that employees are now clocking (Hein, 9). Closer teamwork and greater flexibility (Apgar, 127). Value that employees place on increased personal time and control (Apgar, 127). There are also numerous issues and disadvantages to telecommuting that human resources should be aware of and anticipate. Among these include: Human Resources should be able to handle ending an AW relationship, especially if the company feels it must eliminate a person from its program for poor performance. There is difficulty in anticipating deterioration in the employee†s at-home situation. For example, a divorce can result in the company losing an established office address, phone and fax number. What processes is or should be in place to assure invoices or work documents delivered to the former home are forwarded to the new location? Cost considerations for the telecommuter go above the basic infrastructure requirement. Integrating telecommuting into the corporate culture involves cautiously estimating personnel considerations, support issues, long-term investment strategy and productivity standards. Higher recurring expenses and a steeper cost impact to support remote computing. Corporations must start investing capital dollars in security economics-the analyzed loss of corporate information as a result of data piracy. Proper planning and careful review of security procedures helps corporations overcome this problem. The alternative workplace provides both tremendous tangible and intangible benefits. However, as most economists would point out, â€Å"There†s no such thing as a free lunch†. There are many human resources problems and issues that must be addressed before telecommuting can be optimally and positively impacted. Examining the Obstacles to Telecommuting First, companies wishing to utilize telecommuting should uncover any potential obstacles that could deter or impact its effectiveness. During the planning process for telecommuting, it is important to brainstorm to uncover any possible problems or threats. In addition, access to the Internet, inappropriate transmission of potentially offensive materials and electronic mail are also concerns for companies wishing to deploy telecommuting should address (Courtenay, 67). Among the potential obstacles that must be overcome include ingrained behaviors, cultural and system improvements, and legal and tax ramifications. Ingrained behaviors and practical hurdles make telecommuting hard to implement (Apgar, 121). This may result in employees who will resist the effort to this new paradigm. A special concern for human resources should be old-line managers. Old-line managers are one of the biggest obstacles to the alternative workplace. The problem is they manage by observation, not by results (Harler, 27). Managing both the cultural changes and the system improvements required by and AW initiative are substantial (Apgar, 121). Human Resources must â€Å"retool† to support the new type of employee. For example, at Levi Strauss. A family task force was created to assist in reconciling between work and family life. The task force was formed to examine the changing needs of employees in terms of flex time, part-time jobs and other issues. The task force, which meets monthly, is chaired by the CEO, a fact that underscores its credibility and organizational priority (Riggs, 47). Among the system improvements include time management. Managers in an AW environment, particularly one in which employees work from a distance, must also pay close attention to time management. Failure to do so will severely impact the workflow of a telecommuter (Apgar, 128). Companies should look at the legal and tax ramifications of a corporate telecommuting program. Among those legal issues that must be addressed include insurance, liability and workers compensation, and local legal and union issues. What would happen if company owned property is stolen or damaged from a worker†s home? Does the worker†s homeowners insurance cover it, or does the employer? While liability and workers compensation is a concern for employers, the issues have not been totally defined, and therefore not worth of much worry. In addition, court cases have not defined this area (Harler, 28). When companies research local legal issues, they should particularly look at zoning in the employee†s hometown. Some condominium bylaws, for example, forbid working out of the home (Harler, 28).

Research Paper on Pharmacy

Research Paper on Pharmacy A pharmacist is a healthcare professional who is a expert on pharmaceutical drugs and how they act to fight disease and improve the heath of the patient. Pharmacists are responsible for the implementation of drug therapy with the intention of improving the quality of a patient’s life. Some examples of such improvements include curing diseases, reducing or eliminating a patient’s symptoms, slowing the process of a disease, and preventing disease. A pharmacist works with patients and other healthcare professionals in order to design, implement, and monitor a drug therapy plan specifically designed for that patient. Not only do pharmacists advise doctors and patients on prescription drugs, but they also provide information on the best medications that can be purchased â€Å"over the counter†. The most common goal of pharmacists is to move beyond their traditional role of simply dispensing medication and deal with patients more directly and on a more personal level. They strive to be a source of advice on medications for both heath-care professionals and patients. They also are dedicated to providing individualized services to patients. Such services include consultations and providing more understandable information about the side effects of the medications that the patient is receiving. More than 1,000 years ago, religious and magic practitioners controlled the medical aspects of people’s lives. They believed that many aspects of disease were beyond observation, explanation, and control. The oldest known application of pharmacy was in ancient India and China. They based healing on the belief that disease was caused by spirits in the body. In Babylonia, Assyria, Egypt, and parts of Greece the concept of purification from sin by a purgative existed. In second century Rome, Galen classified medicines by the affects that they had on the four humors of the body: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. The systematic guide he created was, unfortunately, incorrect. Seventh century Arabs contributed a large amount of knowledge on the drugs available from that time through the Middle Ages. In 1240, the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II, made great advancements in pharmacy by: issuing three regulations that separate the profession of pharmacy, instituting government al supervision over pharmacy, and producing an oath that pharmacists had to take promising to prepare drugs reliably. The 19th century brought major pharmacy development throughout the United States. Pharmacy organizations, formal education of pharmacists, official pharmacy books (pharmacopoeias), and setting standards for the identity and purity of drugs are some examples of such developments. Some pharmacy unions that were developed during this time included the American Pharmaceutical Association (1852), the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (1958), and the Federation Internationale Pharmaceutique (1910) which is a worldwide organization base in the Netherlands. Major advancement has taken place in this field in the past 100 years, and pharmacists have started applying scientific method and principles to their work. Beginning in the 1960’s, pharmacists started to practice patient oriented functions, such as drug use review. The job of a pharmacist consists of many roles. Specific duties vary according to the location of the job for example, community or retail pharmacists counsel patients, answer questions, provide information on over the counter drugs, make drug recommendations, provide advice medical equipment and home heath-care supplies, and, possibly, complete insurance forms and other paperwork. Community pharmacists may sell non-health related merchandise, and also hire and/or supervise other employees. Some community pharmacists provide specialized services such as helping patients with diabetes, asthma, smoking cessation, or high blood pressure. In hospitals and clinics, besides dispensing medications, pharmacists advise medical staff on selection of drugs, make sterile solutions, purchase medical supplies, counsel patients on drug use, and evaluate drug use patterns and outcomes. They are also responsible for assessing, planning, and monitoring drug therapy for patients. Pharmacists who partic ipate in home healthcare are responsible for monitoring drug regimens and preparing infusions and other medications for home use. Pharmacists are responsible for knowing how their patients manage their medication, they then analyze this regiment searching for problems. Next they determine and implement solutions for these problems and monitor their outcomes. Pharmacists are also responsible for dispensing drugs and providing information about them. Pharmacists must understand drug use, clinical effects, and drug composition (chemical, biological, and physical properties). The pharmacist’s role of making actual pharmaceutical agents is dwindling; and it is now a very small role due to pharmaceutical companies who make the drugs for them. Pharmacists are responsible for the accuracy of every prescription, lately they have been relying on pharmacy technicians and aides to assist them; pharmacists delegate tasks and supervise their outcomes. Finally, pharmacists are responsible for maintaining patient medication profiles in order to advise doctors on prescribing new medication. Students who desire pursuing a career in pharmacy should achieve scientific aptitude, have good communication skills, a desire to help others, and conscientiousness. There are two entry-level degrees available for such students: a Bachelor of Science degree (BS) in pharmacy, or a PharmD. The BS takes five years to complete and will be obsolete after 2005. The PharmD is a six year program that makes the pharmacists most knowledgeable on medications and their use. The PharmD degree was designed for students with more laboratory and research experience. Many pharmacists who hold their master’s degree or Ph.D. work in research for drug companies or teach at universities. Pharmacists who own and run their own pharmacy may also obtain their MBA. Pharmacy colleges require two years of general pre-pharmacy education. These classes include mathematics and natural sciences such as chemistry, biology, and physics. Another requirement is courses in humanities and social sciences. In 2000, the American Council on Pharmaceutical Education named 82 accredited colleges of pharmacy. Some of these colleges require that students take the Pharmacy College Admissions Test. All of these colleges offer courses in pharmacy practice in order to teach the dispensing of drugs, communication skills, and dealing with other health professionals. Such courses strengthen students understanding of professional ethics and practice managerial responsibilities. All pharmacists must know the drug laws, assessment skills, problem-solving approaches, and have managerial and communication abilities. Every pharmacist must obtain a license, however in order to do this they must serve under a licensed pharmacist, graduate form and accredited college, and pass a state exam. Some states require continued education for license renewal. For pharmacists there are many areas of graduate study such as pharmaceutics, pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmacology, and pharmacy administration. Some pharmac ists specialize in specific drug therapy areas. These areas include intravenous nutrition support, oncology, nuclear pharmacy, and pharmacotherapy. There are many different places where pharmacists are needed; community pharmacies, hospitals, long-term care facilities, pharmaceutical companies, mail service, managed care, and in government are a few. There are approximately 112,000 community pharmacists, 66,000 pharmacists in chain pharmacies and 46,000 in self-owned pharmacies. As for the rest of pharmacists, there are 40,000 in hospitals, 21,000 in consulting, government, academics, and industry (pharmacyandyou.org/about/pharmacyfacts.html). The median annual earnings for pharmacists in 2000 was $70,950. The middle 50% were between $61,860 and $81,690, the lowest 10 % earned less than $51,570, and the highest 10% made more than $89,010. Job location definitely effects earnings for pharmacists, the following are the median earnings in different locations: department store pharmacists earned $73,730, grocery store pharmacists earned $72,440, pharmacists in drug stores and proprietary stores made $72,110, and finally hospital pha rmacists earned $68,760. The average starting base salary for full-time pharmacists was $67,824. Further compensation comes in such forms as bonuses, overtime, and profit sharing. Working conditions for pharmacists are among the most favorable of all professions. Clean, well lit, ventilated areas are customary facilities. Pharmacists wear gloves and masks, along with other protective equipment on order to protect themselves. Although pharmacy may seem to be a good job with great benefits it does have its downfalls, for example, pharmacists are on their feet a lot, hours are unreliable, you may be required to work evenings, nights, weekends, and holidays, consultant pharmacists often travel on order to monitor patients, and the job of a pharmacist is mentally demanding. Pharmacists are required to know the properties of thousands of drugs and learn hundreds of new drugs which are introduced every year. One out of seven pharmacists only worked part time in 2000, full time pharmacists work approximately 40 hours per week. Pharmacists in privately owned pharmacies averaged 50 or more hours a week. Pharmacists held about 217,000 jobs on 2000. Six out of ten in comm unity pharmacies, 21 % in hospitals, and all others in clinics, mail-order pharmacies, pharmaceutical wholesalers, home health agencies, or in government. Room for advancement in the field of pharmacy is limited; it all depends on the location or site of each individual job. In community pharmacies, most new employees start on the â€Å"staff† level and can advance to the managerial, part owner, or owner status. In chain drug stores, pharmacists begin as staff, may become the pharmacy supervisor or manager at the store level, may obtain responsibilities at the district or regional level, and could possibly rise to an executive position within the headquarters of the company. The highest level of advancement for hospital pharmacists is supervisory or administrative positions. In the pharmaceutical industries, pharmacists can obtain positions in marketing, sales, research, quality control, production, or packaging. The job outlook for pharmacists is very hopeful. Currently there are more job openings than degrees being granted. This is the case due to the increased needs of a growing older population, scientific advances, new developments in genome research and medication distribution system, and more sophisticated consumers. Due to declining dispensing fees, pharmacists are trying to increase prescription volume; automated drug dispensing will be implemented which will raise the demand for pharmacy technicians and aides. Due to the increasing number of chain drugstores, the need for community pharmacies is dwindling, therefore retail pharmacies are expected to have faster than average employment growth. The need for pharmacists in hospitals is expected to grow as fast as average although their services are shifting toward long-term, ambulatory, and home healthcare. New opportunities for pharmacists are developing rapidly, such opportunities exist in managed care organizations (analyzing trends and patterns in medication use), research, disease management, and pharmacoeconomics (determining costs and benefits of different drug therapies). According to the California projections of Employment, the estimated number of jobs for pharmacists in 2005 is 18,550 (in California). The role of the dispensing pharmacist is in most danger. Due to automated filling and the use of pharmacy technicians these pharmacy jobs are becoming obsolete. Pharmacists play very important roles in the everyday lives of many people. From dispensing medications to advising consumers on the most effective products, pharmacists effect most every citizen’s life every day.

Phylum Annelida Essays

Phylum Annelida Essays Phylum Annelida Essay Phylum Annelida Essay Phylum Annelida L. annelleus = little ring Annelida have bodies consisting of many essentially similar ringlike segments (somites or metameres). This segmentation usually shows in both external and internal features, including muscles, nerves, and circulatory, excretory and reproductive organs. Phylum Annelida This phylum is divided into three classes: Oligochaeta: Earthworms Most earthworms and their equals are inhabitants of damp soil and fresh waters. Hirudinea: Leeches The leeches are found mainly in fresh water or on moist ground. Polychaeta: Bristle-worms The marine worms are found chiefly in close vicinity of the shore. OLIGOCHAETA = Earthworms HIRUDINEA = Leeches POLYCHAETA = Bristle-worms Some annelids are free-living, many inhabit burrows or dwell in tubes, some are commensals on other aquatic animals (few are ecto- or endoparasites), and many of the leeches attach to vertebrates. Symmetry bilateral. Triploblastic. The body is elongate and usually conspicuously segmented both internally and externally. Appendages are minute rodlike chitinous setae, little to many per somite. Polychaeta have fleshy tentacles on its head and has the setae situated on the lateral fleshy parapodia. Most species of the class Hirudinea lack setae. The Body is covered by a thin moist cuticle over columnar epithelium containing unicellular gland cells and sensory cells. Both the body wall and the digestive canal has layers of circular and longitudinal muscles. The body cavity (coelom) is well developed (except in the leeches) an d is divided by septa in the Oligochaeta and Polychaeta. A complete digestive canal is present in a tubular shape, extending the whole length of the body. A closed circulatory system of longitudinal blood vessels with branches extending laterally in each segment. Dissolved hemoglobin and free amoebocytes are usually present in the blood plasma. Respiration occurs via the epidermis or through gills in some tube dweller species. Excretory system consists of one pair of nephridia per segment(somite). Each of these nephridia removes waste from the coelom and bloodstream directly to the outside world. A nervous system is present with a pair of cerebral ganglia ( a brain) and connectives to a solid (double) midventral nerve cord extending the length of the body. The midventral nerve cord is connected to pairs of lateral nerves in each segment. Sensory cells and organs for touch, taste and the perception of light is also present. The sexes are united and the development in the case of Oligochaeta and Hirudinea are direct or the sexes are separate and the development includes a trocophore larval stage as with the Polychaeta. Some species of Oligochaeta and Polychaeta reproduce asexually by budding. Earthworms have long, cylindrical body that is divided into similar segments. The grooves that extend around the body of the worm show the arrangement of the segments. Earthworms have bilateral symmetry The first body segment is called the peristomium. The peristomium contains the mouth. Instead, they depend on their prostomium and sensory receptors in their skin to feel their way through the soil. The periproct is the last segment of an earthworm. Reference: Hickman Jr. C. P. and et al. , 2007. Animal Diversity 4th edition. Boston: McGrawHill naturewatch. ca/english/wormwatch/resources/anatomy. html

Decision making and problem solving concepts and principles Research Paper

Decision making and problem solving concepts and principles - Research Paper Example Principles and concepts create a plat form whereby solutions and remedies to problems are attained and are a basic requirement to enhance fairness in decision making and problem solving (Metcalfe, 2014). Another principle is that decision making should be a continuous process which is usually a five step process. The five steps involve defining a problem or situation, analyzing the problem, finding the alternative courses of action, analyzing the different alternatives and finally selecting the best alternative and solving the problem. The principles and concepts are applied in law, during decision making and problem solving. The decision making process is applied, whereby five steps are followed. The first step is the definition of a problem. The step involves identifying the problem, listing down the causes and what led to the problem. The second step is analyzing the problem, whereby the current problem is analyzed on the basis of what led to the specific problem and the criteria to evaluate the problem is outlined. The third stage involves coming up with alternatives that may be applied in solving the problem. Different alternatives are derived at this stage and information relating to them is analyzed. The alternatives are then evaluated using the information (Alvord, 2010). The fourth stage involves analyzing the alternatives. The result of this stage is the coming up with the best alternative to be applied in problem solving. The final stage is selecting and implementing of the best alternative. This alternative is then applied for the purpose of solving the problem (Alvord, 2010). In addition to the process, decision making in the law profession calls for other principles that include being purpose driven, since the decision making is usually aimed at achieving some goals and objectives, being inclusive in that it involves the participation of all the involved parties, for

Are Cheaters and The 5th Wheel obscene television shows and should be Essay

Are Cheaters and The 5th Wheel obscene television shows and should be fined if not prohibited from airing - Essay Example With the sudden rise in popularity of reality television shows, many business moguls have ventured into this industry which has given American television channels a lot of shows to choose from; and many of these channels are showing shows which literally lack value either politically or scientifically. This paper aims to focus on television media, particularly looking into the reality television shows Cheaters and The 5th Wheel, and identify whether the shows are offensive, indecent, inappropriate, violent and meaningless. In so doing, this paper would also present a five-point plan on how to handle the violations that these shows have in the areas of language, script and over-all impact on the general viewing public. To be able to do this, a brief description of how the shows are done to have an idea what it is. The 5th Wheel is a reality television show about blind dating. Many viewers view it as an "augmented version" of the Blind Date. Only that in this show there will be four strangers, two of which are males and the other two are females, and they all would get together on a date to see who 'gels' well with whom. At the onset of the show, a guy and a girl will be partnered together to spend sometime to get to know each other. The same thing happens to the second couple. After which, the guys would exchange girls and try to spend sometime with the new girl. In the middle of this 'getting to know' each other stage, another girl (or guy) comes in to charm the guys away from the girls. Meaning, the guys now have three girls to choose from. This situation seems to be innocently normal, as all people experience blind dating and enjoy it. The only problem is that, the girls don't only wear super 'revealing clothes' (although some would dress up like a mummy) they would also end up kissing the guy 'intimately' on national television, plus the fact that the show has a 15-minute room where a guy and a girl comes in either to talk or get really intimate with each other. Kissing is a natural phenomenon and it is a beautiful thing; but kissing and petting on national television is another story. Cheaters is another reality television show about couples in which either the guy or the girl is cheating on the other. The set-up is like an investigation where in the cheating partner is tracked and videoed without his or her knowledge. Couples could either be seriously dating, divorced or married. We all know that this is a very private matter and doing your dirty laundry on national t.v. only sends one message - that nothing stays private and sacred anymore. After all the stalking and video recording, all information gathered are then shown to the 'crying victim of infidelity'; after which confrontation takes place, with all cast and crew: the couple, the third party, the host of the show and the camera men with the other crew members, not to mention the millions of viewers watching. During the confrontation, all obscenities are said as a result of anger and embarrassment. Just imagine how humiliating and embarrassing the situation is. The show is aired to encourage people to ren ew their temperance and virtue and it is also said that this show is dedicated to the faithful couples. Well, the goal is good but the effect is not. Marital or relationship problems such as this one happens everyday. Although it is not a good