Erickson stages of child development Essay

Erik Eriksons possibility of psychosocial development is one of the kn confess theories of personality in psychological science. Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of compass points. Eriksons theory describes the impact of social experience crosswise the whole eyespan. Erikson theory foc uses on physical, emotional, and mental st epochs of development. concord to Erikson personality developed in eight developmental re-creates finishedout action span and the need of each stage must be met or stubborn before the move to the next stage. If private needs are not met in a particular stage, it will impact the individual later in life. Eriksons stages of development sagaciousness findings of each age group and potential findings a lactate whitethorn discover includes Infancy (birth to 18 months) Trust versus Mis avow.Children set out to learn the capacity to trust another(prenominal)s establish upon the consistency of their attendinggiver(s). If trust d evelops successfully, the fry gains confidence and security in the world round him and is able to discover secure even when threatened. Unsuccessful intent of this stage erect result in an in force to trust, and therefore a soul of fear al closely the inconsistent world. It whitethorn result in anxiety, heightened insecurities, and an over olfactory perception of mistrust in the world around them. Early Childhood (2 to 3 years) self-sufficiency versus ravish and doubt .Children decease off to roll their independence, by walking away from their mother, weft which toy to play with, and making choices intimately what they like to wear, to eat, etc. If barbarianren in this stage are encouraged and supported in their increase independence, they start more than overconfident and secure in their own ability to survive in the world. If children are criticized, overly controlled, or not given the chance to assert themselves, they let down to sense shortsighted in th eir ability to survive, and may then become overly dependent upon others, overlook self-esteem, and tone of voice a backbone of shame or doubt in their own abilities. Preschool (3 to 5 years) Initiative versus guilt.Children assert themselves more frequently. They approach to plan activities, make up games, and make activities with others. If given this opportunity, children develop a aesthesis of opening, and feel secure in their ability to lead others and make decisions. Conversely, if this angle of inclination is squelched, either by dint of criticism or control, children develop a sense of guilt. They may feel like a abhorrence to others and will therefore remain followers, absent in self-initiative. School Age (6 to 11 years) Industry versus inferiority.Children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments. They initiate projects, see them through to completion, and feel goodish close what they have come upond. During this time, teachers play an increased consumption in the childs development. If children are encouraged and reinforced for their initiative, they begin to feel industrious and feel confident in their ability to achieve goals. If this initiative is not encouraged, if it is restricted by parents or teacher, then the child begins to feel inferior, sceptical his own abilities and therefore may not reach his potential. Adolescence (12 to 18 years) Identity versus role confusion. During adolescence, the transition from childhood to adulthood is most important. Children are becoming more independent, and begin to look at the future in terms of career, relationships, families, housing, etc.During this period, they explore possibilities and begin to form their own identity based upon the outcome of their explorations. This sense of who they are can be hindered, which results in a sense of confusion (I dont know what I want to be when I bend up) about themselves and their role in the world. Success in this stage lea ds to an ability to stay received and being focused while adversity leads to role confusion and a debilitated sense of self or confused. girlish Adulthood (19 to 40 years) Intimacy versus isolation. pre girlish adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. We explore relationships leading toward longer term commitments with someone other than a family member. productive completion can lead to favourable relationships and a sense of commitment, safety, and care indoors a relationship. Avoiding intimacy, fearing commitment and relationships can lead to isolation, loneliness, and sometimes depression. Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years) Generativity versus. Stagnation During middle adulthood, we establish our careers, fix down within a relationship, begin our own families and develop a sense of being a part of the large picture. We give back to society through raising our children, being productive at work, and becoming involved in companionship acti vities and organizations. This leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment. By failing to achieve these objectives, we become stagnant and feel unproductive. maturity meet (65 to death) Ego haleness versus despair.As we grow older and become senior citizens, we lean to slow down our productivity, and explore life as a retired person. It is during this time that we hit the books our accomplishments and are able to develop integrity if we see ourselves as leading a successful life. If we see our lives as unproductive, feel guilt about our pasts, or feel that we did not accomplish our life goals, we become dissatisfied with life and develop despair, a good deal leading to depression and hopelessness. Summary of how nurses would like physical legal opinion, examinations, education and communication differently with children versus adults. According to ( Javis 2012), appraisal is the collection of randomness about the individual wellness state. Edelman & adenosine mono phosphate Mandle ( 2010), defined wellness assessment as a tool used to invent health problem of an individual through worthy physical examination, screening, health narration which enable health care supplier to have insight of the individual problem. taxment assists in dictating the actual diagnosis by identifying the signs and symptoms of the disease, knowing the patient cultures and beliefs will likewise help in developing proper health care plan for effectual care delivery and health progression. According to (Javis 2012), Children are unable to relay information concerning their health problem compared to adults due to their developmental stage. The nurse depends on the parents or care givers to get health information relating to the children. The child observation and the parent interview should be well documented. According to (Javis 2012), performing health assessment to toddlers may not be easy head to toe assessment in a toddler may not be in sequence. intentnes s is needed by the nurse in conducting physical assessment in a child. Nurses often gain good vibrancy with children by giving toys, paper and draw to them.Nurses learning how to gain consent both(prenominal) in adults and in children will help in proper physical assessment of everyone and these includes The skin prise for Birthmarks, pigmentation or ruse change, skin disease such as rashes, lesion and acne. Changes in the nail shape and bruises. promontory quantify for  sensory hair texture, alopecia, head injury, silliness and headache. Eyes Assess for glasses use, the date of last eye visit to you doctor. hold for redness, drainage, pupil size, pupil reaction, cataract, glaucoma, pain. Ear Assess for either(prenominal) ear problems such as drainage, myringotomy tubes in ears, cerumen, ringing in the ear. hoist and SinusesAssess for frequent cod, nose bleed, haggard stiffness and every allergies. Mouth and pharynxAssess for cleft lip and palate, caries, sores in t he mouth, tongue and throat, mouth breathing, difficulty in chewing, swallowing and hoarseness voice. NeckAssess for conceited glands and limitation of movements.BreastAssess for every nipple discharge, pain or some(prenominal) breast disease. Preadolescents and adolescents ask questions like when did they discover breast changes in their remains. RespiratoryAssess for wheezing or noisy breathing, huskiness of breath, chronic cough, croup or register of asthma. CardiovascularAssess the shape of the pectus wall auscultate to dictate design heart sounds or anomalous heart sound such as murmur. Assess for heart palpitation, dyspnea on exertion, backwardness in extremities and normal or abnormal blood pressure. Gastro-intestinal governanceAssess for abdominal muscle pain, frequent nausea/ vomiting, frequent bowel movements, the stool constituency diarrhea or constipation, use of laxatives, rectal bleeding and history of pinworms. urinary brassAssess for history of urinary tract infection, oliguria/ polyuria, urine color. Ask for any planned toilet training for the child, when it started. Is the child bedwetting? Do you know if there is any factor associated with this? Male genital outlineAssess the penis for pain. chasten for lesions, drainage, swelling, herniation in the scrotum during crying. Preadolescents and adolescents boys assess for puberty changes and any inner abuse. Female genital SystemAssess for genital itching, vaginal discharges, and rashes. Check for sexual abuse. Preadolescents and adolescents ask if their menstruation has started. knowledgeable HealthAssess for sexually transmittable disease such as eruption/ syphilis, herpes, chlamydia, HIV/ AIDS. Ask if the preadolescents or the adolescent are into a relationship involving sexual intercourse. Did she or he know about sexually transmitted diseases? Assess how a child reacts towards the opposite sex. Musculoskeletal SystemAssess for bone and joint pain, swelling, arthritis, s tiffness, trammel movement, coordination and gait strength. Assess for muscle strength, pain, cramps, weakness, posture, spinal anaesthesia curvature. Neurological SystemAssess for unemotionality and tingling sensation. Cognitive functions, mental retardations and noetic palsy. Hematologic SystemAssess for immoderate bruising, swelling of the lymph nodes, exposure to toxic agents and radiations. hormone SystemAssess the history of thyroid gland or diabetes disease such as excessive thirst, hunger or urination. withstand in puberty and abnormal hair distributions. Nurse should know the anatomy and physiology associated with body system to be able to identify normal findings from abnormal findings. Health assessment is performed according to developmental stages. The parents and care givers should affect important health information of a child to the nurse for effective health care delivery. All information self-collected should be properly documented.ReferencesEricksons Stag es of Psychosocial victimisation. Retrieved fromhttp//allpsych.com/psychology/101/social_development.html. Ericksons Theory of Psychosocial Development in Infancy and Early Childhood. Retrievedhttp//psychology.about.com/od/psychosocial.html.Javis, Carolyn. Physical Examination & health Assessment, (Saunders2012).Sixth edition Carole Edelman, Elizabeth kudzma, Carol Mandle.Health promotion throughout life span,7th discrepancy ( 2010).