Berkeleys Water Experiment :: Science Illusions Argument Papers

Berkeley introduces his water experiment in order to demonstrate that in perception the perceiver does not reach the existence itself but is confined to a realm of representations or sense data. We will attempt to demonstrate that Berkeleys description of our project at the end of the water experiment is inau hencetic, that it is not so much a description of an experience as a reconstruction of what we would experience if the receptor organs (the left and right hands) were objects existing in a property partes extra partes. Our argument is that there is nothing in our experience of the legerdemain to suggest that under normal conditions perception does not reach the world itself. Traditionally Empiricists claim that all knowledge and all basic concepts atomic number 18 derived from experience. At the akin time they argue that all experience is reducible to private entities, the so-called sense data. Phenomenologists claim that there is nothing in experience itself to suggest t hat it is reducible to sense data, and that this doctrine is derived from metaphysical prejudices, the so-called assumptions of the congenital attitude. They argue that if we could in some way bracket these assumptions and reflect only on our experience of perceiving and on the results of scientific measurements of our perceptual powers, we would discover that perception, rather than presenting us with private entities or data, opens up to the world itself. (1) In A New hypothesis of Vision, Berkeley attempts to show that all experience is reducible to sense data by exploiting two types of argument. At multiplication he exploits a scientific write up of perception and of the functioning of the perceptual organs, while at other times he uses the argument from illusions. For example, he argues, that the experience of temperature can be still with the analogy of the experience of pain, and just as the pain is not in the needle, so the warmth I feel is not in the fire. (2) He then a rgues in a similar vein that visual experience is reducible to collections of colour sensations because light passes into the eye ball and strikes the retina, in much the same way that a sharp object striking the skin produces a sensation of pain, such as a sensation of blue or red. (3) The sensation being the effect of the physical and chemical properties of the world on the sense organs and is as distinct from the world as photographic images are from the objects which cause them.

Political Philosophy and the US Constitution: Influences of Locke and Mill Essay

The US Constitution offers an arrangement of the American semipolitical sympathiesal system. Interestingly, it was influenced by political philosophers whose works too had inspired volume across the reality especi altogethery on the values of democracy. This taste is devoted on providing an consider of how two men inspired the framers of our formation namely, lav Locke and John Stuart Mill. John Locke was i of the great political philosophers who would defend the existence of a organization activity in our society.It is quite interesting how intellectuals like him begin the journey toward a parsimonious theory by looking deeply into the present of temperament. Lockes state of nature is matchless where humanitys ready freedom. His was an optimistic candidate of how men, being equal amongst them establish order in the justness of nature which is governed by reason. This reason guides men to avoid doing harm on everyone elses self-reliance, health, life and possessio ns. Yet, men give up their state of nature to follow their lives, liberties and estates or w wear he called- airplane propeller.Read more Constitution mini q answers essayProperty is created by labor. The human effort mixed with natural resources is the criterion that justifies private property. Mans desire to avoid the disadvantages of the state of nature given the scarcity of resources threatening life and freedom or his state of war is the root of mans impart to form a society and eventually a government, which is established not by a contract but by fiduciary trust. People consent to a political power for three reasons the establishment of law, an impartial judge for law enforcement, and a penalty to punish law violators.Men formed government in order to preserve these liberties, lives and properties and since they are born with them therefore no government can take that away from them. Man has unalien able-bodied rights and liberty that mustiness be protected- anyone wh o transgresses the law of nature and whose act causes injury upon others will ought to be penalized. He considers the legislature the highest tree trunk of government since it is the one hat preserves the society and creates the laws. harmonise to Locke, the hoi polloi become trustor and beneficiary eyepatch the legislature is the trustee.The legislature holds the supreme power harmonize to Locke upon which the executive must be subordinate, yet the people remain above all organs of the government. These brains were contained in his Second Treatise of Government, which were likewise adopted in the US Constitution. Locke argued that people has the sovereignty not the rulers. In the Declaration of Independence it was tell that, governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed. This is an illustration of how Locke influenced the US Constitution by ensuring that the rulers are accountable to the people.The legislature assures that the law must apply to all t hey must not be arbitrary and not oppressive they must not raise taxes without peoples consent and must not transfer its law-making body to anyone else. A chairmanial democratic system of government was preferred since Locke himself did not believe in the divine supremacy of a monarchy. The government does not have rights, only the people have. Locke asserts that the people have supreme power to remove or alter the legislative when they gravel a legislative act contrary to the trust reposed in them.Since property precedes government, and considering that it is the end to which men unite into a political society, the state then cannot take away any of his property without his consent. This is manifested in the Fourteenth Amendment to the constitution of the United States saying that, no state shall deprive any mortal of life, liberty or property, without cod process. The Constitution itself that was chartered by the volume is higher than the rulers. The Supremacy Clause of Arti cle VI establishes the rule of law, which supports the idea that the government itself, with the Congress and the Executive, must abide by the law.Locke too conceptualized on the separation of powers and governmental checks and balances. Locke believed that the importance of rationality as a human faculty, could overrule the interests of the public good if left unchecked in the legislature. He was also pessimistic of the concentration of powers in only one body of government as it could lead to totalism and abuses. Lockes theories of disobedience also shed light to the right of individuals to political association and political public depression.Accordingly, variation is not only a right but also an obligation. It must be noted that peoples obedience to the government is due to the latters protection of their values. When government encounters dissolution from within- for instance when the president overrides the laws and defeats the legislature, the people are at liberty to er ect a unused government by changing persons, form of government or both. mischance of the state to provide or sustain that protection would result to peoples flipment of the government.There are three types of commonwealth according to Locke-democracy, monarchy, or oligarchy. Treating the Commonwealth as not necessarily a democracy for any type can be considered one if it promotes the public good, people always have the power to change government type firm by the holder of legislative power. Yet rebellion however is reassert in the instances where the people are made miserable, could be avoided if free conversation channels are maintained besides revolution doesnt materialize in little mismanagement of the public affairs.There are wear ways as initialized by the Constitution on how to formally replace ineffective leaders that is through impeachment and through peaceful elections. Hence, the overall constituent of John Locke to the US Constitution are the following limited g overnment, inalienable individual rights, and inviolability of property. The First Amendment of the US Constitution protects freedom of speech and expression. This is in all probability John Stuart Mills greatest contribution in political philosophy with application to US politics.Mill focused on how the entrust of ones absolute freedom like freedom of opinion and sentiment, which is an essential component of liberty, should prevail, as it is critical to the determination of truth and justice. According to him, unless absolute freedom of opinion and sentiment- scientific, moral and theological- is guaranteed, a society is not finishly free. Mill guards against a tyranny of opinion and feeling. He guards against the tyranny of the majority, which is a result of ethical norms proposed by society.Hence, he referred to eccentricity as a character when and where strength has abounded, perhaps as a result of endurance to pronounce ones belief albeit there is already one that is genera lly accepted. democracy should arise from a condition where majority has been able to show genius, courage and vigor-which are personalities of eccentrics. Mill calls for individualism and creativity. Mill explains his exculpation of expression of opinion using a utilitarian perspective- that maximization of ones freedom is for the benefit of the society as it breeds human be on due to competition of ideas.First, Mill states that the opinion which we silence may be true and in silencing it we assume our own infallibility though the silenced opinion may be erroneous on the whole, it may be partly true, and because the prevailing opinion on any matter is rarely the achieve truth, it is only by the collision of adverse opinions that the remainder of truth has any chance of being supplied even if the prevailing opinion be the complete truth, it will inevitably become dogma, prejudice and formula unless it is exposed to the contend of free discussion (Ebenstein, 2000).Mill opposes majority rule, as it appears to him a domination of a specific class. He prefers representative government as it brings nigh representation of the minorities. This suggestion was adopted in the US Constitution specifically on the election of presidents and vice-presidents by Electoral College and by creating a legislature consisting of district representatives. Locke and Mills insights are useful in our political environments up to this date.They have enabled democracy to flourish in America by insisting on their liberal traditions. In external relations, their principles are as well as utilized in the promotion of rights and freedom as well as the protection of every states territory and the designation of international institutions, which are tasked to protect nations from abuses and external threats. References Amar, Akhil Reed.Americas Constitution A Biography. New York, NY Random House, 2005. Ebenstein, William and Alan Ebenstein. Great Political Thinkers Plato to Present. 6th Edition. Thomson Wadsworth. 2000. John Locke. Democracy and the Origins of Constitution. In http//www. sullivan- county. com/bush/constitution. htm Shields, Currin. The Political Thought of John Stuart Mill. In http//www. ditext. com/ grind/rg/shields. html

To Be of Use

According to Confucius, You should litigate others the way you want to be selled. Resembling Confucius golden rule, Harold Kushners Shalom The Quest for legality talks about a man who did some amour good, when quite a little didnt specify he would. While shore Piercy isnt writing about treating others a certain way, she is instead writing about existence of good use. Harold Kushners text parallels Marge Piercys poem in the topic of cosmos of good use. Due to the length of the poem, she talks about good deal creation of use. Harold Kushners text talks about people who were useful.On Monday night declination 11, 1995, the fire at the textile mill changed a city. Many people of Lawrence, Massachusetts, were worried about the economic impact from losing the textile mill collectable to the fire. However, the owner Aaron Feuerstein surprised everyone. sight expected he would take returns of the fire to move to a more profitable location. Feuerstein announced that not only wa s he going to rebuild the factory, but also establishers would overhear three months of payroll, even though there was no work. Feuerstein is a finical somebody, a man of integrity, ar there few people with integrity?Maybe is the reason Blanchard co-author the book called The Power of good Management, theres no right way to do a equipment casualty thing, using the book as a plea to the stemma world. Directed to the people who do things to benefit themselves, but hurt others. Confucius states treat others the way you want to be treated ask yourself if you do stultification to others, would you like it if someone did ravish to you in the same way? No because many of us wouldnt many wear downt theorise about the consequences, or if it happened to themselves, before they do something. People commit wrong doing, to benefit themselves.When I hear politicians and preachers condemning the sinful ways of fraternity around them, I often agree with their criticisms, but I dont hear the pain in their voices. As stated in the text by Kushner, many people lead with falsehood, tricking others to believing that they argon useful people of integrity, when in the end they really atomic number 18 not. Marge Piercys poem delivers her opinion of people who are useful. In the first-year verse, she has a high regard for people who throw enthusiasm into the work they do. She compares the people who throw enthusiasm into their work, to water buffalo.That people who fuck their work, with patience, get out in the end feel good rewards. Rewards of satisfaction, the results of their hard work, are what they receive in return for tireless hard work. To Piercy, work is as parking lot as mud work like mud smears the hand. But the thing worth doing well done, has a shape that satisfies, clean and evident, says Piercy in her poem. Piercys poem is more of a collection of opinions, the things that make a person useful. What she thinks useful people are like. Piercy has high r egard for people who give care into their work.In past experience, and previous knowledge, people who work hard are reward, they move up in life. However people who dont have integrity, who do harm eventually fail from life. Many people, who are successful, love their work they enjoy what they are doing with enthusiasm. Treating other with respect should increase you respect. Kushner discusses more about people who had integrity, who gave back, when no one expected them to. People who made themselves useful People who try to encourage people to be ethically positive. To change their tactics to help people not harm people. The benefits, and why people did the things they did.Then also the people who are false or true prophets. The people who speak true, but dont baffle to what they preach. Piercy, on the other had in contrast, expresses her opinion, on the factor of people beingness of use, having high regard for people who love working, being useful and enjoy their work. That the ir hard work would reward them. Piercys poem contrasts Kushners text, in terms of the directions they go. Kushner is in at one time talking about being of use but on the topic of people with integrity, and ethical standards. Piercy directly relates to the topic of to be use. The opinion of what she thinks people who are useful.

Interpersonal Communication Complete Course Essay

Many state believe that colloquy skills be easy and should come naturally. As we wear learned this week, learning effective social parley skills requires a cope of period and practice. Of all the skills listed in Chapter Two of Making Connections Understanding social Communication, which skill(s) argon you nearly excited about improving in your interpersonal relationships? Why do you feel that you need to make improvements in this knowledge base? Based on the course material that you read this week, what are well-nigh ways that you plan on using these skills in your everyday career?DQ 2In Chapter Three of Making Connections Understanding Interpersonal Communication, the origin lays out many psychological concepts concerning the self. How do all these concepts relate to interpersonal communication? Also, give an example of how your self-concept, self-image, or self-esteem has affected your interpersonal communication. calendar week 1 Assignmenthebdomad 1 Assignment ho ld literary criticism (Making Poor Communication) (550+ Words)Week 2DQ 1In Chapter four of Making Connections Understanding Interpersonal Communication, the author discusses the power of language and how communicatory communication can affect interpersonal relationships. The author as well mentions ways in which you can improve your verbal communication. Explain how you will accustom these skills to make your interpersonal verbal communication more effective. Use a specific example of somevirtuoso in your life (past or present) that is awkward to communicate with. Describe how using these skills could improve your communication with this person.DQ 2 sign(a) communication is one of the most powerful ways that we communicate in our interpersonal relationships. Some sequences, however, we may find ourselves unintentionally communicating something that we do non mean to. This tends to happen quite often in inter ethnic communication situations (when we are communicating acros s opposite gardenings). Provide an example of a time when you nonverbally communicated something other than what you meant. Or, use an example of when someone else nonverbally communicated something to you that was different than what they meant. What happened in this situation? Be specific in your example and also discuss what you will do in the time to come to avoid this.Week 2 AssignmentWeek 2 Assignment Article Critique (Talking Styles). (600+ Words) Week 2 Qiuz 10 Qs and As.Week 3DQ 1Some students estimate that they do not have a lot of a cultural background because they were not born outside of the joined States or because they do not speak another language. The truth is that everyone has a culture This can be in regards to your race, ethnicity, gender, age, nationality, religion, sexual orientation, ability, etc. scoot some time to write about your own culture and dowry with us what makes you who you are. Try to not focus on just one aspect of yourself, but try to utili ze as many cultural elements as possible. Also, address why culture is important in communication. How does your culture affect your communication with others?DQ 2Some of the roleplay from communication expert, mob McCorskey, has been very influential in research within the interpersonal communication field. He is especially well-known for his communication research scales.Go to the Willingness to learn website and complete the Willingness to Listen Measure. Follow the directions on the website to score your results. Based on your results, do you have a high, moderate, or low willingness to listen to others? How do you think your willingness to listen score could impact your interpersonal relationships? Do you think that this measure was accurate for you? What about the measure do you think was or was not accurate?Week 3 AssignmentWeek 3 Assignment Final Paper Outline (Rough Draft for Letter of Advice) (950+ Words) Week 3 Assignment Article Critique (Self-Disclosure, Gender, and Communication). (450+Words)DQ 1One of the most frustrating situations in the professional world is to work with someone who is not professional in their job. This often makes it a very disheartening work environment because of the low level of professionalism. Have you ever found yourself in a situation where the work environment was not professional? How did you accost the situation? Share an example. If your work experience is limited, consider a time when you were working with others in a different context, such as teach or a club. Also, address how you can combat this in the future with effective communication skills.DQ 2Social media (e.g., email, blogs, Face book, Skype, and Twitter) has played a major role in changing the way that we all plunge in interpersonal communication. As we have learned this week, this form of communication through electronic media is referred to as liaise communication. As with everything, there are many pros and cons to using mediated communicati on in our interpersonal relationships. How has mediated communication improved your interpersonal relationships? How has it hurt them? Provide examples to illustrate your point.

Dell’s Marketing Strategy

dells marketing schema In the land of try IT, dell is often viewed as having a singular schema-build and deal out harvest-times cheaper and much efficiently than competitors, and thereby grow both market manage and gross. While that deceptively simple plan lies at the heart of dingles begin for customers, its general enterprise strategy, like its presence in the enterprise market, it maturing, growing stronger and becoming more complex with each deprivation year. dingle has crystallized its long-term strategy for business customers in a slew it calls the scalable first step, which has many kindredities with the slashing computing strategies of its competitorsIBM (On Demand), Hewlett-Packard (Adaptive Enterprise), and so forth. scalable Enterprise is centered on dingle products, service and alliancesall of which are grow in industry examples and cloaked in the famous dingle place model. The come with has been promoting and marketing this visual sensation for only a a few(prenominal) years, only if it has quickly become a focal point for how dingle rationalizes its product and serve roadmaps.And it intersects with dingles overall view that the industry leave aloneing continue to leverage clusters of high-performance, industry-standard servers and operating environments, and move away from larger-scale, proprietary systems. more(prenominal) important, the Scalable Enterprise vision also gives dingle a mode for speaking with customers about its overall determine proposition, and how it heap help customers transmigrate to the long-term dynamic computing vision.dells Services employees, in finicky captain serve, play a critical role in evangelizing the nurture of the Scalable Enterprise and in engaging customers in discussions as to how to compensate the vision real in their IT environments. dell has never aspired to grow its headmaster services business to rival those of IBM Global Services (IGS) or the world(a) systems integ rators (GSIs). However, the company does recognize that services are a linchpin for part customers use dell products to salute both their IT and their business challenges, and convincing them that dingles products and solutions are truly enterprise-class.To that end, Dell has refocused its professional person services portfolio (and its broad(a) services roster), placing overall customer satisfaction, lifecycle services and the Scalable Enterprise at the core. In this report, I am examining how Dell is trying to leverage professional services to drive its Scalable Enterprise vision. We begin with an overview of how customers view Dells Scalable Enterprise vision, based on data from a recently completed Summit Strategies survey.We then briefly review the tenets of the Scalable Enterprise strategy and drill down into Dells services portfolio, with a particular focus on professional services and round of Dells newer offerings. We conclude with suggestions about steps Dell can take in particular with enterprise services partnersto further call forth its professional services strategy and spread its Scalable Enterprise vision throughout the market. We first explored Dells services strategy both years ago (see our January 2003 report, Can Dell Find Success in Enterprise Services? ).Then, Dell was still refining its services strategyparticularly, how it would move forth in enterprise services. At that time, many of Dells executives were concerned that customers did not view the company as a strategic enterprise vender, or thought that Dell lacked enterprise-level expertise for conniving and deploying IT environments. What a difference two years can make. We recently asked IT buyersenterprise and SMBto identify their most strategic IT vendors, both for overall IT strategy and in a variety of different IT areas, including stem software and implementation and book.As shown in lick 1, when we asked all respondents how important various vendors would be to th eir organizations overall IT strategy during the next three years, Dell ranked fourth (19%) among those vendors identified as most strategicbehind Microsoft (36%), IBM (21%) and Cisco (21%). Dell ranked ahead of Hewlett-Packard (HP), Oracle, Sun Microsystems, SAP, and some global integrators and outsourcers. Another 28% named Dell as one of their top two or three most strategic vendors.In another survey data point, among large enterprise customers (with 1,000 or more employees), Dell ranked as the 5th most strategic vendor (20%), with Oracle moving ahead of Dell. The news was even better for Dell when respondents were asked about strategic vendors for their server and storage strategies during the next three years. Dell came out on top among enterprise customersahead of HP, IBM, EMC and Sun (see Figure 2). Dell also outpaced IBM among small and medium businesses (SMBs), a market that both companies view as a strategic priority.While these two data points do not directly relate to t he robustness of Dells services capabilities, they do demonstrate that Dells profile as a canr of enterprise-caliber solutions has gone up considerably in the past few years. In addition, when we asked our survey audience to select their most strategic vendor for IT support and implementation services in the next three years, Dell placed fourth among total respondentsagain behind Microsoft, Cisco and IBMand fifth among enterprise respondents.Its also clear that Dells careen that lower-cost, standards based systems can handle IT functions previously reserved for higher-end, proprietary systems is evocative with customers. Also, Dell may benefit from its high-profile consumer business, with familiarity in consumer markets breeding a similar familiarity at the corporate customer levelalthough there is no conclusive evidence about a linkage. The momentum is helping propel Dell and its Scalable Enterprise strategy into a leadership position in enterprise IT environments (see Figure 3) .Based on an unwavering belief that IT customers want simplicity, optimization and better management, Dells Scalable Enterprise vision encompasses Dells mission to standardize core elements of IT datacenters to deliver these capabilities. It emphasized de facto standard products, open standards specifications, customer choice, lifecycle services and the advantages of Dells direct model. The Scalable Enterprise encompasses some, but not all, of the characteristics of Summit Strategies dynamic computing role model.This framework tightly aligns IT and business goals through the use of new infrastructure components and virtualization capabilities, automate and policy-based service management capabilities, and optimized business processes. Dell is positioning itself to focus on many of the infrastructure hardware elements of dynamic computingand is bringing in partners to solve the major infrastructure software, management and business process challenges of the dynamic computing equatio n (although some Dell-developed management capabilities are becoming progressively strategic for the vendor).IBM and, to a lesser degree HP, talk to customers about their strength to deliver dynamic computing solutions from either the bottom-up (aiming to make the IT infrastructure more flexible and adaptable) or the top-down (analyzing business processes and then changing the underlying infrastructure to better support them). Dell, however, approaches customers with a more narrowly-focused value proposition that stresses a phased approach to drive standards and scalability within an enterprise datacenterwhich will lead to better IT support and adaptability for usiness processes over time. In fact Dell believes that its Scalable Enterprise vision will not come to dear fruition until 2008, when the company plans to deliver more automated policy-based capabilities, self-monitoring tools and dynamic preference allocation for heterogeneous systems. Of course IBM, HP and others woul d say they can provide a greater array of dynamic computing solutions now, and that customers have no need to wait several years to take advantage of them.However Dell believes customers will be more comfortable with their longer-term, phased-in approach that emphasizes standardsand that by supplement its direct model customers will see Dells approach as more affordable as well. When we profi led Dells services business two years ago questions lingered over whether Dell could sustain its services business and how strategic services would play into the companys future (Scalable Enterprise had not yet been introduced).Today, with services as one of the three main pillars for the Scalable Enterprise strategy, there is small doubt about services overall importance to Dell. Services soon generate about $4 billion in annual revenue and it is one of the fastest growing parts of the companys business. In fact professional services revenue has doubled over a two-year period, with signific ant growth in both the U. S. and overseas markets.As write previously, Dells services reflect the companys overall philosophy that customers want more standard, less custom and more lifecycle IT solutions. Dells approach has been to slowly expand beyond traditional support services (which still generate the majority of Dells services revenue) with more repeatable, higher value-add professional and managed services, both directly and through partners. To address this Dell is attempting to highlight its business-centric expertise in existing and new professional services offerings.

Corporate Culture and the Enterprise Architect

All companies have their own eccentric corporate civilisation which is evident in their work milieu. Also cognize as fellowship civilization, corporate culture stands for the familys values, beliefs and airs (Kotelnikov, 2009). unremarkably expressed in companies vision and mission statements, it besides gives the society and its employees a united identity. Company cultures are distinctive they are unique to each(prenominal) bon tons history.Similar to a persons constitution, corporate culture is the result of the assimilation of any the values, habits, ethics, and goals that the troupe has developed over the geezerhood (Heathfield, 2009).The growth experience has en adequate to(p)d companies to identify their strengths, weaknesses, and company goals. From these, they build their vision statements for the company. Thus, whether they mark the kind of customer service their company offers or the integrity and progressive-thinking their company has, vision statements essentially make up companies desired corporate culture. bodily culture drives the companys working environment and organizational structure. It is delineated in each employees language, priorities, work practice and traffic decisions (Heathfield, 2009).Every one employee has a hand in shaping the companys environment and corporate culture. Though company founders and executives draft the desired and beneficial culture, all employees contribute to its actualization. Still, there is not any underestimating work leaders force for influencing and instructing lower-level employees regarding the proper interpretation and practice of their companys corporate culture. notwithstanding more so if the leaders opinions and actions are witnessed and followed by many a(prenominal) employees. One such work leader with the opportunity to influence fellow employees is the Enterprise Architect (EA).On paper, the EA works for the companys Information engineering (IT) aspect. However, the dy namic roles and responsibilities requires the EA to constantly cross boundaries and priorities between the telephone circuit and engine room processes thereby allowing him or her to have influence on both aspects. Adams described the EA as the engineering science strategy manager and implementer (cited in Walker, 2007). The EA acts as a show manager responsible for handling a wide span of IT domains such security, infrastructure and information architecture (Walker, 2007).He or she is also in hinge on of creating and developing the companys IT strategy. The EA directs the current state of IT architecture, and plans the needed improvements. The EA defines the prox of their companys technology and also build the transition technology (Walker, 2007). At the same time, he or she should prioritize the business side of the company and consider business cost savings, advance vendor transaction and empower his or her staff (Walker, 2007). The EA is also accountable to following the c ompanys corporate culture and standards.He or she essential be able to successfully and effectively merge the interests and priorities of IT strategies and organizational policies and standards. Being the EA allows one frequently responsibility and influence over many employees, even crossing the boundaries of the technology and business aspects of the company. It is vital then that the EA believes and is directed by his or her companys corporate culture. By doing so, he or she identifies with the company visions and goals, and shares its business practices.Heathfield (2009) writes that company cultures envision and work towards the creation of a productive and enriching environment. whence by aligning ones own values with that of the company, the EA increases his or her motivation for working making him or her more productive and effective. Also, an EA who believes in the corporate culture believes that he or she is working under loveable work environment. Apart from increasing his or her motivation, the EA also has an improved subjection and therefore longevity with the company.According to Walker (2007), an EA needs not only to be technology proficient but also business savvy. Knowing the application and the company culture helps the EA understand how the much and what kind of technology go forth affect and advance the entire company (Walker, 2007). An EA who is aware and agrees with the corporate culture, the personality of the company, is better suited in building IT processes and executing IT strategies that complement business functions. The knowledge of the corporate culture definitely results into competence and confidence for the EA.Walker (2007) believes that this wherefore adds to his or her credibility and leadership skills. If the EA him or her self believes and behaves according to the tenets of their company culture and goals, then he or she is seen as a conjectural and trustworthy leader. The EA is able to effectively pass on the visi on of the company to the lower-level employees thereby helping them identify with the company and encouraging them to perform rummy work. As a leader, the EA holds responsibility in training and making confident(predicate) that all IT staff is performing at top level.He or she should also be able to foster productive collaborations and intimacies amongst teams and between employees and the company (Kouzes & group A Posner, 2003). Since value alignment between employees and culture increases efficiency and passion to work, the EA essential also inspire all workers to believe and participate in their culture (Walker). Heathfield (2009) asserts that corporate culture is learned and is shared through interaction. Thus the EA must be an effective and reliable model for the team. He or she must inspire others by becoming an example of the virtues and behavior he or she asks of others.The value of the EA being directed by his or her companys culture is beneficial for the company, the E A him or her self, and the other employees under the influence of the EA. Their behavior and beliefs shape and actualize the corporate culture. It also improves their motivation for their work thereby increasing their productivity and chances of successfully reaching the goals of their organization. References Heathfield, S. M. (2009). Culture Your environment for spate at work. About. com Retrieved February 27, 2009 from http//humanresources.about. com/od/organizationalculture/a/culture. htm Kouzes J. M. & Posner, B. Z. (2003) The Leadership Challenge Workbook. San Francisco, atomic number 20 Jossey-Bass Kotelnikov, V. (2009). What is corporate culture?. Business E-coach. Retrieved February 27, 2009 from http//www. 1000ventures. com/business_guide/crosscuttings/culture_corporate. html Walker, M. (2007 Jul). A day in the life of an enterprise architect. Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved February 27, 2009 from http//msdn. microsoft. com/en-us/architecture/bb945098. aspx

Demonstrating communication skills Essay

Communication with employees will guarantee alignment with the make-ups general strategy (mission- vision- goals). Supervisors could use internal communication to reserve a adjunct working milieu with a clear set of expectations for all staff. As a result employees will have a better collar of the decisions made by the organizations, so supervisors could avoid miss expectations by create and maintaining communication transmit with employees.Figure (1) shows some channels to fleet strategic information 1. 1 Efficient Intranet The intranet is one of the best and most important tools available for employee communication. A club intranet can help employees and HR accomplish time by giving employees instant access to contact lists, company policies, announcements, reading opportunities, and benefits information. (Business & Legal Reports, 2007a1, p. 1).However, the company should take some steps to achieve this communication channel such as update frequently, arrange it simple and easy, provide a search feature, track the usage, organize locally according to departments ad teams, provide a starting page for for each one department, embroil files, documents, policies, and procedures, list phone extensions and contact lists, allow for feedback forms, use a content management. (Business & Legal Reports, 2007a1, p. 1-2).1. 2 Open Book charge Style or Dissemination of strategic information Rubin, L. and Merripen, C.(2003) presented this entrust which includes sharing information with employees for better understanding of management decisions. Employees became better informed some the business and feel more inclusive and entrepreneurial about their shargon and impact.Then employees moved their focus from just their job to looking at the company as a whole. (p. 4) Collins, R. and Druten, K. V. (2003) found a strong combine between organizational performance over the past three days and the emphasis placed on communicating information to al l members about the organizations purpose, aspirations, strategy and performance. Figure (1) shows some communication channels that managers and supervisors could use to communicate strategic information with employees. Figure (1) Channels to communicate strategic information Source Collins, R. and Druten, K. V. (2003). Human Resources Management Practices 1. Determining good Orientation and Training Methods 2. 1 Best practices for strong orientation untested employees orientation is important to facilitate the integration of unseasoned employees in the organization with understanding the organizations culture, mission, vision and values.Orsini, B. (2000) presented some best practices for new employees orientation such as sessions for new employees to introduce them to the organization and provide them with an overview of the organizational mandate and structure, mentoring new employees by a staff member, pen of employee new to group by within a local newsletter or e-mail, and office tours as an opportunity to meet staff personal and get a sense of what they do. 2. 2 Best practices for legal discipline methods.Training nowadays is not a luxury anymore. overdue to the competitive marketplace and the complexity of jobs, training became a necessity for surviving and competing for both organizations and employees.Recently. There is much greater emphasis on training as a means to cultivate, motivate, and retain quality workers. (Hays, S. W. , 2004, p. 261) Operationally, supervisors and managers are amenable for ensuring their employees get the training they need and/or the opportunity to attend the training classes. (Bjomberg, L. , 2002) 2. 2. 1 Learning for look Program To show how could such practice help the organization, its useful to mention a real grapheme study. For example, Honeywell Limiteds Scarborough factory developed a learning for life program to improve productivity and quality and reduce costs in an effort to remain competitive in the global economy. Eighty percentage of the factory participated in this program and Honeywell has change magnitude its factory throughput by clxxx% and ameliorate the quality of its products by 92%.(The Conference Board of Canada, 1998, p. 5) This groundbreaking program developed more productive employees, increased productivity, improved quality, effective collaborative decision-making, improved communication skills. (The Conference Board of Canada, 1998, p. 5) 2. 2. 2 new(prenominal) best practices The Conference Board of Canada (1998) presented many other best practices in training or workplace literacy such as ? Empowering adult learners ? rightness in workplace literacy?Skills for a stable workplace ? Literacy through e-learning ? Establishing a baseline for training ? Peer tutoring employee helping employees Such practices has resulted in increased productivity, reduced staff turnover, enhanced performance, improved quality, effective collaborative decision-making, impro ved communication skills, in another word, it helped in creating a positive environment for both the employer and employees because benefits was achieved for both of them.2. Improving Productivity for Teams Improving productivity for teams and for employees in general is the ultimate goal for all organizations to maximize the overall performance. And because we are talking about humans or employees, improving productivity should include creating a convenient environment that could help them to work productively.

Citibank: Performance Evaluation Essay

The California Division of Citibank has introduced a new death penalty scorecard to highlight the importance of a diverse set of measures in achieving the strategic goals of the division. Among the new measures introduced was a node gratification indicator. Unfortunately, pack McGaran, the passenger car of the most serious sort out and who consistently delivers impressive pecuniary results scored to a lower place com rack upe on customer satisfaction. Frits Seeger, President of Citibank California and Lisa Johnson, ara conductor supervising pile, be pondering what overall act rating are they going to give to James.Areas of ConsiderationCitibanks strategy in California was to gird a profitable franchise providing relationship banking combined with ah high take aim of religious service to its customers. Financial measures had dominated Citibanks exercise in the chivalric only if vigilance felt that these measures were poor vehicles to communicate the high service strategy of the bank. Other areas to consider in this case areTo rebound the importance of non-financial measures as leading indicators of strategy implementation, the California Division true a Performance Scorecard which complemented existing financial measures with new measures reflecting important competitive dimensions in the banks strategy.James customers in his branch are sophisticated- they require high service quality and knowledgeable employees who could avenge their financial needs and his performance exceeded expectations e precise single year by delivering impressive financial results for four years in a row. just now when the division expanded its performance indicators to include non-financial measures, it became ap com hiteent that his branchs customer satisfaction ratings are not as good as his financial performance. His customer satisfaction was below par for 2 square(a) quarters.James discussed concerns regarding the (in)adequacy of the survey customers rated not only their branch but excessively other Citibanks services such as ATMs that were out of the confine of branch managers.Even so, he worked hard to improve the customer satisfaction rating by designating a staff to greet customers and held meetings and coached branch employees to centralise their attention on improving customer satisfaction.James felt very disappointed when for two quarters, his rating had been only par. He thought that his efforts be an above par rating considering that hes able to successfully run the hardest branch in the division.Frits is considering to give James an above par rating given his excellent performance in other dimensions, but if the performance evaluation team gave James an above par, the other managers could cerebrate that the division was not serious about its non-financial measures.Alternate Courses of Action specialize aside the performance evaluation guidelines and give James an overall above par rating thus entitling him to as much a s 30% bonus.Observe and uphold the performance guidelines and give James an overall par rating and get a bonus of up to 15% of basal salary.RecommendationsI recommend that the evaluating team follow the guidelines they set forth and give James the following ratingsFinancials Above parStrategy implementation Above parCustomer satisfaction Below parControl Above parPeople Above parStandards Above ParJames average in customer satisfaction for the four quarters was a dismal 64.75 a farther cry from the required market average of 77 to get above par and about 10 points shy from the 74-79 score to get a par rating. ground on the guidelines, with a below par rating, James is no longer qualified to get an overall above par rating and thus settle for a par rating. This is to give credibleness to the intent of the management in implementing a balanced scorecard and in giving other factors equal weight and importance as that of financials.Having state that, some important issues nee d to be addressed in Citibank performance evaluation. First, Lisa should have provided support to James as early as the second quarter when his customer satisfaction scores began to slip from 66 to 63 (then further down to 54 during the 3rd quarter). Performance evaluation should not be a static document- it should be a reference for the employee and topnotch to identify deficiencies and gaps during the rating period. It should be revisited regularly, identify areas of improvement and see how management can intervene and improve the performance of the manager. A regular performance feedback is crucial so that the managers can align their activities with what is expected of them.Second, it would be worthwhile for Frits and Lisa to review the scores of the other managers focusing on customer satisfaction- this is to bring out how all the managers are faring with the new performance indicator and to finalize James performance vis--vis his colleagues. If the general results of th e customer satisfaction are comparable with that of James, then his concerns are not unfounded- it may be that while the branches are doing their best in extending excellent customer service, the centralized services cleverness be the one thats pulling down everyones performance.Third, it would be excellent if Frits can benchmark their performance evaluation with the rest of the application and see if their parameters in especially on customer satisfaction are within industry standards.Fourth, a reorientation or training on the proper administration and use of the performance evaluation is in order. Based on the scores and comments that Lisa gives to James, it appears that she is lenient with him. She overemphasizes James financial achievements but mentions besides little on his deficiency on customer satisfaction. There as well seems to be a halo error in the way Lisa evaluates James- where his financial prowess seems to unduly influence the other evaluation dimensions.Imons, R. Citibank Performance Evaluation. 1997. Harvard bank line School

With a Focus on Gender or Race

CAROL COLLINS STUDENT 11423048 1 With a focus on familiarity or race, discuss whether the crook effective expert governing body is twisted. Society expects the fell arbitrator agreement of rules to provide umpire for every ace by protecting the innocent, to punish and convict the guilty, and to rehabilitate them in an elbow grease to stop them repique. It is supposed to give fair correctlyness for everyone, regard little of sexual practice, and much is written that suggests that the evil evaluator system is gender-biased. Gender bias was non formed by the justice system, but it does reflect the primeval conditions and attitudes of society.The cost of gender bias to society, the criminal justice system, and to the people indoors it is enormous. To discuss if the criminal justice system is gender-biased, an understanding should be reached regarding what is meant by the term gender. The word gender go off be backbreaking to define, and likewise how it differs from the term sex. Whilst the term sex refers to the psychological and biologic physiognomies that describe men and women, the term gender (The Free online Dictionary) refers to the roles that society considers to be appropriate for men and women, such as activities and behaviours.Categories of gender argon manly and feminine while sex categories be potent and female. whatsoever authors believe that the increase of females offending has increased due to the masculinization of womens behaviour during the Womens Liberation Movement in the 1970s, and is responsible for the increase numbers of women entrustting discourtesys. (Heidensohn, 1989 Adler, 1975). Aspects of sex do not vary between man societies, but aspects of gender may be very different (Bryant and Trueman, 2000).Sex-stereotypes be verbalize to be central to gender, which can be defined as the behaviours, attitudes, roles and beliefs that ar passed from generation to generation (Weinrich, CAROL COLLINS STUDENT 1 1423048 2 1980). Bias is defined as an inclination or preference that inhibits unsophisticated judgement. There ar two hears concerning whether men and women atomic number 18 toughened differently by the courts and the patrol. The first is the chivalry hypothesis, which is that women be treated with more respect, agreement and courtesy.It is stated in the chivalry opening that more leniency is condition to women than to men by the police, courts and the criminal justice system in general. It is said that male chivalry means that a cleaning lady is less in all probability to be charged by the police, and that the courts give lesser displaceences to women than men, even if they turn over kick inted the same crime as male counterparts. Women who are move to prison a good deal receive shorter sentences than men which does imply that women are treated more leniently (Heidensohn, 2002).Some authors state that the chivalry hypothesis becomes not so relevant if the crime s affiliated are the same, and sentencing varies very little between the sexes. It can be argued that the chivalry hypothesis provided works if the offender fits what is considered to be the female stereotypical, gendered role. The second view of different gender-treatment is when a muliebrity does not fit the stereotype of what are female norms, this double jeopardy theory becomes relevant, which results in much harsher sentencing (Carlen, 1985).It can be argued that in some cases that women are treated more severely by the criminal justice system because women are guilty of been doubly deviant by committing a crime they have not behaved in a way that is regarded to be a socially normal way for their gender to behave. It is excessively written that females who commit aggressive crimes are often treated more severely than men, who are aggressive because their behaviour is different from what is regarded as normal female behaviour (Paul and Baenninger, 1991 Gelsthorpe, 2003).CARO L COLLINS STUDENT-11423048 3 Campbell (1993) states that violent women must rival men or be mentally ill, because it is not how nice girls should behave according to Batchelor (2001). It could be seen that in some areas the gender bias within the criminal justice system that gender rivalry with the men has been the predominant force. Police officers and settle were interviewed by Hedderman and Gelsthorpe (1997) and were asked about the ways in which they made decisions.It is clear that women were wedded more leniencies if they have children, as their offences are treated as motive more than greed, for example if they had stolen goods from a shop it was because they fatalityed the goods for their family. provided if a man had stolen from a shop it would have been seen that his motivation was one of greed. There is evidence that the possible gender bias in the criminal justice system begins as soon as a woman is taken to the police station. Fawcett (2006) comments that women feel that police stations are unconnected places, artly because of the behaviour and sexist language within the police service. Women are in general less inclined to use their full to have legal representation, but this may be not only because they are often charged with less severe crimes, or it could be because they feel overwhelmed and fright in the male-dominated police station. only 20% of police officers are women, and only 18% of forensic officers are women. It is unclear whether police officers are expert to deal with women who have been victims of sophisticate, particularly when that is pertinent to the charges that have been brought against them.The dwelling portion states that women who are tending(p) prison sentences are stipulation shorter sentences than their male counterparts. This implies that women are treated more leniently by the criminal justice system. The individuals invoice of offending and the nature of the offence are taken into account, and accordin g to the Home Office, both the higher rate of CAROL COLLINS STUDENT-11423048 4 cautions issued to women, and the impose rate of custodial sentences, reflect that women are less belike to commit serious offences and that opposite(prenominal) criminal records are also taken into account.Offences that are committed by females tend to be less serious than those committed by men, and few women have previous criminal records. This indicates that, according to Trueman and Bryant (2003), on that point is not any sympathetic bias towards women. 27% of the women who are in prison are first-time offenders, which is more than twice the figure for men. This suggests that men offending for the first time are treated more leniently than women. 63% of women are serving custodial prison sentences for non-violent crimes, in contrast to 45% of men in prison. This suggests that women are sent to prison for furthermost less serious crimes than men.According to the 2001 census, women represented 5 1. 3% of the population of England and Wales, but only 6. 1% of the prison population were women. It states that more women are promising to be given community sentences, or to be discharged, and that they are much less likely to be given a custodial sentence than men (Home Office, 2003). Only 8% of the integral amount of people sentenced to a custodial prison sentence in 2001 was women. In the last ten years on that point has been an increase in the female prison population by 60% compared to an increase of 28% for men.The rise is explained by an increase in the mischievousness of the sentences given. It is possible that the introduction in 1997 of The Mandatory and Minimum Sentencing Act contrive restrictions on judges from using their own discretion when passing sentences. It is believed that the prison system in the United Kingdom was designed for men by men (Corston, 2007). Gender issues not only cause problems for women but also for the trans-sexual prisoners. New prison guidelines in 2006 were introduced to reform aspects of the prison system in order to reduce gender bias towards trans-sexual individuals.Sir David CAROL COLLINS STUDENT-11423048 5 Ramsbotham, prison inspector in 2000, stated that trans-sexual prisoners were at risk of serious health problems due to the bias against them that they had been denied treatment, and he stated that they should be given the same treatment as everyone else. As fewer women go to prison than men, at that place is a male-dominated prison system. Due to this, thither is discrimination against women in the prison system. There are fourteen womens prisons in England, are there are none in Wales ( prison Reform Trust, 2010).This suggests that for women to be sent to a womens prison it is probable that they may be incarcerated a long distance away from their families, causing isolation and emotional direction (Women in Prison, 2006). A woman is imprisoned on average 57 miles away from their committal address, and in 2007 over 800 women was held more than 100 miles away. This also suggests that women are often imprisoned in a higher home run prison than they need to be in. Due to the fact that there are fewer womens prisons than mens prisons, there are far fewer opportunities such as training or education (Hayes, 2007).Over the past ten years the media has foc employ on many controversial problems within women prisons with television documentaries such as Girls behind bars, 2011. The newspapers have used headlines such as Women burn, strangle and stab themselves in jail fossa (Bright, 2004). In the documentaries, any of the issues raised were indirectly a result of gender bias and the effect that it can have on the women inmates within the criminal justice system. Much of the emphasis of the programmes was about the mental illness that is caused by the lack of suitable prisons and facilities.This in turn often leads to self-harm, drug abuse and suicide. There is evidence that suggests that gender bias also exists in the criminal justice system against women who are victims of scandalise. It is believed that in thwart trials it is the female rape victim who is made to feel that she is on trial more than the male suspect (Walklate, 1989). CAROL COLLINS STUDENT-11423048 6 Baroness Stern was commissioned by the Government to do an independent paper into the on-going concerns in the amount of rape cases that that went to court and resulted in a conviction.In the report Stern suggested that the (estimated) 14% of account rapes that result in a conviction for rape or sexual assault was not low compared with other crimes. Of the rape cases that go to court, 58% result in a conviction. Stern describe that the figure would not improve under the present legal system (Williams, 2010). The Stern report (2011) suggested that improved care of the victim would improve the rates of conviction, as fewer victims and witnesses would withdraw from the process, which would improve th e possibility of a conviction. In 2005, only 6. % of rapes that were reported to the police and taken to court resulted in a conviction, compared to 35% of other criminal cases. In the United States of America (USA) the criminal justice system discriminates against men one point that is argued is that if a man commits a carrying out in the USA it is more than twenty times more likely that he leave behind be given the death penalisation. Whereas, if a woman murders a man, she is unlikely to be sentenced to death, however if she murders a child or another woman, she runs a higher risk of receiving a death sentence.Markedly, murdering a man is not significant enough to merit the death penalty (Farrell, 1993). According to Farrell, men do not speak up enough, publicize, or organise appeals, so that that biases against women are removed, and the biases against men remain. Information gathered shows that there is gender bias within the workforce of the criminal justice system. In 2008, only 24% of the police officers in England and Wales were women. Only 12% of women police officers had reached the position of Chief Inspector, compared to 27% who held the position of Constable.In CAROL COLLINS STUDENT- 11423048 7 2008, there were only 29 females who were members of the Chief Police Officers Association, out of 209 total members. A 1993 survey showed that nearly all the police women who took part in the survey had received some form of sexual harassment from fellow traveler male officers. There were also reports that 3 out of 10 had been subjected to undesired touching and to offensive insults. 66. 5% of barristers are men, compared to 33. 5% who are women. A taggering 91% of Queens give notice are men, compared to 9% who are women. A view could be taken that with gender bias amongst the employment ranks of the justice system, it is not surprising that there is gender bias within the criminal justice process of criminal prosecution. There are conflicting argume nts whether women suffer or benefit from bias during the sentencing for crimes. There is enough evidence to conclude that there is gender bias in the criminal justice system. There should be equal justice for all, yet the criminal justice system is failing women miserably.Women are at a disadvantage as offenders, suspects, defendants, and as employees. The system is failing female victims of violent crimes due to a lack of certificatory services. Far too many women are being imprisoned for non-violent crimes. Women are under-represented as employees within the system, principally amongst the senior police levels, the judiciary, CPS, Queens Counsel and within law firms. The criminal justice system and the Government need to address the discrimination that exists against women, and they need to put the issue of gender as central to the criminal justice system.Everyone has a gender or sex, and should be given the right not to be discriminated against. It is a human right to liberty, security, justice, and to not be given punishment without law. It is a human right to a fair trial ( pitying Rights Act, 2000). As certain that night will follow day, people will commit crimes, and the reactions to the crimes and the way in which gender CAROL COLLINS STUDENT- 11423048 8 differences are approached in the criminal justice system, for the foreseeable future, will stay the same, coloured by their gender.WORDS- 2312 REFERENCES Adler, F. , 1975. Sisters in wickedness The rise of the new female criminal. New York McGraw-Hill. Batchelor, S. , 2001. The Myth of Girl Gangs, savage referee Matters, Spring Issue, 43, pp. 26-27. Bright, M. ., Women burn, strangle and stab themselves in jail hell. Online (Updated 8 February 1984) addressable at http//www. guardian. co. uk/uk/2004/feb/08/ukcrime. prisonsandprobation1 Accessed 12 April 2012. Bryant, L. and Trueman , C. , 2000. History Learning site. online uncommitted at <http//www. historylearningsite. co. k/gender_bias_pun ishment. htm>Accessed 21 April 2012. Campbell, A. 1993. Men, Women and encroachment. New York Basic Books. Carlen, P. (1998) Sledgehammer Womens captivity at the Millennium, Macmillan Press Ltd Hound mills Basingstoke Hampshire London. Corston, B. 2007. Ministry of Justice illegal Justice Group. online <http//www. womeninprison. org. uk/userfiles/file/> Accessed 8 April 2012. Farrell, M. 1993 Online http//www. mikefarrell. org/activist/deathpenalty. html Fawcett, 2006. Fawcett Closing the inequality gap. Online (Updated 2006) Available at http//www. fawcettsociety. org. uk/index. asp? PageID=712 Accessed 12 April 2012 Hayes, S. C. , 2007. Women with learning disabilities who offend what do we cognise? British Journal of Learning of Learning Disabilities and Offending Behaviour, 35 (3), pp. 187-191. Heidensohn, F. ,1989. offensive activity and Society Sociology for a changing world. London Palgrave MacMillan. Heidensohn, F. , 2002. Gender and Crime. In M. Maguire, Morgan, R and Reiner, R. , eds. The Oxford handbook of criminology. 3rd ed. Oxford Oxford University Press.Herrington, V. and Nee, C. , 2005. Self-perceptions, masculinity and female offenders, Internet Journal of Criminology. online Available at <http//www. internetjournalofcriminology. com/Herrington%20&%20Nee%20-%20Self-perceptions,%20Masculinity%20and%20Female%20Offenders. pdf> Accessed 21 April 2012. Home Office, 2003. Statistics on Women and the Criminal Justice System Report. Available at<http//www. publications. parliament. uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmhaff/193/19315. htm> Accessed 21 April 2012. Human Rights Act 2000.London HMSO. Legislation. gov. uk. Online Available at http//www. legislation. gov. uk/ukpga/1997/43/contents Accessed 12 April 2012. Paul, L. and Baenninger, M. (1991) Aggression by Women More myths and methods in Baenninger, R. (ed) Targets of violence and aggression. North Holland. Elsevier Science Publishing. Prison Reform Trust, 2010. Women in Prison. onli ne (Updated 1 August. ) Available at <http//www. prisonreformtrust. org. uk/uploads/documents/Women%20in%20Prison%20August%202010. pdf> Accessed 16 April 2012. Self-perceptions,

Gang Representation in Sons of Anarchy Essay

Sons of confusion is an Ameri sack television drama created by Kurt Sutter that aerate on FX ne devilrk. The drama series, also known by its acronym SOA or SAMCRO, is come to approximately the culture of motorcycle pluralitys and includes multiple clusters with differentiated racial dragups. The series is limit in current-day California in a fictional township c entirelyed Charming. The town is modeled as a sm only-town confederacy which has limited government activity interference norm eithery and lenient authorities. The start-off placate was aired in 2008 and followed the lives of motorcycle plurality members in the caucasian ring, called the Sons of insubordination. Other crews included in the series were a black gang, called the bingle-niners, and a hispanic gang, called the Mayans. Each gang is criminal and commits versatile execrations from murder to dose dealing.I am examine closer how FX ne 2rk incorporates the criminal actions of minority groups in th e fork out. They are forever and a day placed opposite of the Sons of lawlessness and their criminal actions appear to be scrutinized much than than than the criminal actions of the Sons of Anarchy. The question I am difficult to answer is What is the balance in the bureau of criminal activity based on the racial group involved? By focusing on the racial roles in the sharpen and how they compare in relation to criminal activity I hope to come to a conclusion on minority saluteation that I can present to Kurt Sutter and FX Network. I chose to study this topic since I am an avid viewer of this series and the topic of media giveation of gang hysteria interests me. at that place seems to be a disparity in the elan gang abomination is portrayed on news fall outlets depending on the hightail it of the group and I wanted to find out if that disparity would be similar in Sons of Anarchy. For example, do crimes by black groups face condemnation than those by sportsmanlik e groups or is the reaction equal without regard to racial factors.I already knew from watching the tape and following Kurt Sutters individual(prenominal) blog that the series has come under-fire before for using race and fury as a shock-factor instead of using it for plot progression. Kurt Sutter is known for his hold of profane language and defending his show from critics by decreeing that they do non under stomach the concepts. For example, in a recent post he wrote astir(predicate) a contest in which he and the cast would visit the winners hometown, We leave behind comebasically disrupt your neighborhood and piss off all your neighbors. Fuck those neighbors, I hate those shitheads whateverhow. (Sutter, assuage 6) He seems to obligate no care for the hatred his words incite.Other than his hatred of neighbors he has had to defend himself before beca expenditure of his use of race in the show. During season quaternion of the show one of the members of Sons of Anarchy named Juice was peril by the practice of law with the race he was born. The sheriff, a middle-aged black male, had found out that he had actually been born with a black father and threatened to tell the Sons of Anarchy that he was non the latino label he had been hiding behind his whole life. afterwards three seasons it impress me the Sons of Anarchy seemed to energise this new govern about non allowing blacks into the gang scarcely latinos were fine to join. This disturbed me a little because the gang had no problems operative with black gangs in the past and there did non seem to be any racial tension besides the racial slurs thrown around by all the gangs.There seemed to be no major race-based violence within Sons of Anarchy until this plot arrest was brought up. Sutter challenged the outcry to this plot point by saying, It was one of those odd, historical barriers that ive wanted to explore. The depth and weight unit of this rule varies from club to club and this s eason we see how its handled by the Sons of Anarchy.(Sutter, BLACK) For the sake of authenticity he felt that this mustiness be included because they motorcycle clubs function within a structure that is make upon a form of segregation.(Sutter, BLACK) How the plot point cease though had me scratching my head wondering if Sutter had missed an opportunity to make a statement about race.In the end Juice admits to the important character Jax, a young clean-living male, that his father is indeed black. instead of using this opportunity to show how outdated the rule is and that progress can be made against racism no matter how long the rule has been around Sutter decided to have another character again use race to blackmail Juice. I understand the need for authenticity exclusively I felt this scene was just reinforcing to all watching that it is pitch- mordant to be black and it can be used as threat. It was a weak way of display how racism can effect psyche after all the buil d up during the season and concern for his life. In a matter of one scene it was brushed off, there was no less(prenominal)on learned nor was there any unfeignedism in supposed racist actions of the gang. The ending was neither insightful nor authentic. It just seemed to end without any real conclusion.It had also seemed out of place in the story because during season two the Sons of Anarchy spent the whole season fighting a white supremacist gang. During that season the gang seemed just as disturbed by the ideas of the white supremacist gang as much as their threat to Sons of Anarchys control of Charming. It seemed to me that Sutter was using Juices race as a shock-factor. This was no surprise to me though as there are many a(prenominal) off-hand racist jokes made during the show as well that seem to have little value. For instance, in the pilot one member of the gang makes a remark after finding two hispanic women burned alive, Goddamn, fried and refried Clay says with lit tle remorse. The show plays this racism as a fact of life that the gang cannot escape, control or overcome. It hides behind trying to make the racism humorous like Clays line instead of showing it show racism how it actually exists, ugly and disturbing.after thinking guts on Juices plot point, which originally had me interested in studying and discussing this show for my study, I went back to re-watch the first season. I decided to start with the first season because it was Sutters first attempt at depicting the gangs and it would not be fresh in my mind since I had not seen it since extend summer when I binge-watched all the seasons again. This time instead of just winning in the show for entertainment value I set up some guidelines for my viewing. I decided that I would make a tabularise which would include the three roughly prominent gangs Mayans, Sons of Anarchy, and One-niners. Each column would represent one of the gangs and the rows would be the type of crimes affiliate d on the show. Whenever a gang was involved in any crime I would mark deplete which category it was in and then what response it garnered from the community and the authorities. These groups seemed to me most likely to be unbiased when it came to criminal activity.Neither necessarily should have any stake in the violence besides wanting it to be eradicated. After collecting this cultivation I would have a breakdown of separately gang how many crimes were  connected, how many deaths were caused, were the actions deemed necessary or unwarranted, what kind of legal philosophy action was taken. Gangon-gang action would be analyzed in the same manner. The information I collected was then compared to see who was responsible for the most crime and which gang had the worst reputation. Assuming all things normal it would be the same gang. This show being less than a normal representation of social club as it is a dramatic television series I did not expect to find that the gang wit h the worst reputation had affiliated the most crimes.My expectations were the hispanic gang, Mayans, would garner the worst reputation while the Sons of Anarchy committed the most crime. These expectations came from my previous knowledge of the show and the vague feeling that the show might be a little more distasteful towards hispanics since it was set in California where race issues abound with the immigration of hispanics across the border. After watching the first season over these were the figures for each(prenominal) of the gangs.The figures ended up being somewhat similar to what was expected but I was surprised by the amount of crimes that Sons of Anarchy had in the unwarranted column. When watching the show for pure entertainment the communities response seems heavily in favor of the crimes. The entropy tells a different story with only five of the 30-five crimes committed being deemed necessary. The crime numbers for Sons of Anarchy may have surprised me but the o ther gangs fit the profile that I had expected. With thirty murders in just thirteen episodes the show is more violent than I remember. I attribute this to murders being desensitized throughout the show by dark humorous remarks from characters and no consequences for those committing the crimes. Overall, the Sons of Anarchy committed the most crimes in season one by a long shot with more than both(prenominal) Mayans and One-niners combined. This may have been attributed to them being the centerpiece of the show.What cannot be explained is the representation of each of these crimes. The Mayans and One-Niners never caught a break from the community and authorities but the Sons of Anarchy did. Five times, after being found guilty of committing the crime, the Sons of Anarchy were represent as just doing what was necessary for Charming. Three of these crimes were murder, while the other two were assault. Such violent crimes without an eyelash batted by the police. One of the as saults was even boost by the police who stood by and watched. On the other hand, every crime known about by the community and authorities that the other gangs committed was scrutinized and pursued. These groups never received the blessing of Charming. Even though they committed less crimes than the Sons of Anarchy combined they were seen as the outlaws.I believe this originates from the Sons of Anarchy attempting to persuade the town by telling them crime is needed to keep worsened crime out of the city. The Sons of Anarchy continue to tell the white community they live in that their town needs to be protected from invasion. I believe there is more too it than that though. While watching I also kept tabs on the racial makeup of the town. I could wait the amount of black and hispanic people not in a gang on one hand and thats the whole seasons worth of episodes. It seems to me that agree to Sons of Anarchy if you are colored then you are a gang member. Even the brutality of the c rimes is more dramatized with regards to the other gangs. The crimes always seem through with(p) out of haste and are unplanned. It gives the rival gangs a sense of betise that they cannot control their actions or make a plan.In conclusion, it seems that Kurt Sutter seems biased towards the Sons of Anarchy when it comes to representation of crime. They are seen more as a police pinch by the community than a gang. While they are pursued for various crimes during the season they are never actually charged with anything. Even when all the evidence comes together they end up getting external. This is extraordinarily pestering as it just perpetuates that a crime committed by a white male compared to a black male is any different. There are no repercussions for their actions while the One-Niners are hunted down for drug charges constantly.I believe the FX network and Kurt Sutter could do more to better represent the crime equally. It might be better to actually put one of the Son s of Anarchy behind bars for once. Instead of them continually getting away they could show the real-life struggle of having members constantly going to jail. It would be both more realistic and more equal criminal representation. Kurt Sutter could also spend more time discussing the problems both the Mayans and One-Niners have. It could be a way to combine all three gangs under one banner. Im sure it would not be too difficult to discuss why those groups may be committing crimes like Sutter does with the Sons of Anarchy. It would add an emotional tie to the characters in those gangs. They could be seen in the same light as the Sons of Anarchy a group of libertine people with needs and no way they see fit to come across them except crime. Right now those minority gangs are just a group of hooligans committing crimes with no motive, no morals, no reason. If Kurt Sutter were to make these changes it would add a new dimension to the show and also attract a more diverse audience. My h ope is the show takes a more neutral stand as it enters its last season.SourcesSutter, Kurt. BLACK AND WHITE OF MCS. Sutterlink.blogspot.com. N.p., 24 Sept. 2011. Web. 12 May 2014.Sutter, Kurt. Season 6 Viewership Challenge. sutterlink.blogspot.com. N.p., 30 Aug. 2013. Web. 13 May 2014.Sutter, Kurt. Sons of Anarchy. Sons of Anarchy, Season One. FX Network. 3 Sept. 2008. Television.

Learning and Cognition

data track head LEARNING AND COGNITION PAPER Learning and Cognition news report LaTrice N. Weams PSY/ 390 Esther Siler-Colbert, M. S. , ABD April 8, 2013 Learning and Cognition Paper Examining the different concepts surrounded around t to each oneing and knowledge and how they relate to each other will be the of import focus of the paper. Giving a true definition of what teaching in reality is and how conduct determines how someone learns will provide enlightenment on how eruditeness can be achieved when being done according to ones information abilities and comprehension.What is the definition of encyclopedism? What role does behavior play in skill? Learning can be easily described as a combination of comprehension, knowledge, or understanding which has been put unneurotic to dispatch a complete understanding of what is being understood. However, in psychology Gregory A. Kimble (19172006), defines learning as a relatively permanent salmagundi in behavioral potential ity that occurs as a result of reinforced practice (Kimble, 1961, p. 6).Kimbles definition includes 5 important aspects being (1) an observ equal to(p) behavior, (2) a semi-permanent change in ones behavior, (3) the change in behavior does not need to be immediate, (4) experience or practice comes after the well-read behavior, and (5) the aforementioned experience or practice needs to be reinforced. The behavior of constantly trying a concept multiple dates until the craved level of achievement has been achieved is how learning is done. Since it is hard to show a discernible depiction of what learning is actively B.F. muleteer decided to blade a box into which he put animals and was able to physically observe what learning was from watching the animals an action. What atomic number 18 two different types of learning? Describe each one in your response. The two different types of learning are implemental and innocent condition. Conditioning is a term that can be utilise as a descriptive measure for learning there are two types of conditioning instrumental and classical (Olson, 2009).Instrumental conditioning can be described as working for a reward. Putting a tyke in a room with a gumball machine and pennies can institute instrumental conditioning is real. Once the child sees the gumball machine they will wishing one out of there. It will only take a a couple of(prenominal) moments for the child to realize that they can put a penny in the machine and receive a gumball. This understanding was determined by B. F. Skinner when he put the animal in a box with a lever that produced a treat when the learned to push the lever.Classical conditioning was introduced by Ivan Pavlov and simply states that someone or something can be trained with a conditioned stimulus to produce an unconditioned response. For instance an adult that has the same(p) lunch intercept every day at work is classically conditioned. The conditioned stimulus is the received time of d ay that they go to break on a daily basis and the unconditioned response would be getting hungry pains every day at that time once that lunch break has been passed. What is the relationship between learning and intuition? Provide a limited example.The relationship between learning and cognition is one that one needs the other in order to crystalize learning possible. Cognition is the steps that one would go through in order to learn or gain knowledge to a certain skill. From infancy to Adulthood people go through certain levels of evaluate cognition to aid in the learning process. People are speculate to gain a certain amount of understanding so that learning can be proven that it is actually taking place. One specific example of learning and cognition would be a child learning how to read.They have to go through certain steps to be able to learn to read. Knowledge of alphabets, acknowledgement of alphabets, being able to put alphabets together to create words, understanding of what those words mean, and putting those words together to make sentences in which understanding is fully acknowledged are the steps that a child goes through to learn to read. This paper has provided an understanding as to what learning is and how behavior is a main factor when it comes to how a person learns.It likewise provides a definition of what two learning types, which are instrumental and classical conditioning, with understanding as to how the two are distinguished from another. Understanding that cognition is the process that learning is acquired and without it neither one of them could exist alone. References Olson, M. H. & Hergenhahn, B. R. (2009). An design to theories of learning (8th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson/Prentice Hall. Kimble, G. A. (1961). Hilgard and Marquis conditioning and learning (2nd ed. ). Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall.

Mcq’s

PMS CSS normal KNOWLEDGE MCQS 1- what plants exhale at night Carbon dioxide 2- velocity of respectable M/s3433- 3- Which vitamins not stored in human body? C 4- lake of vitamin c grow which di sease Skin disease 5-which vitamin helps blood clotting? K 6-Founder of Muslim rule in India? Qutubuddin Abek 7-Razia Sultana belongs to? Slave dynasty 8-Second battle of pani tricksy fought b/w correct option was not present my be shake off was n wiz of these(akbar vs himu bakal) 9- Attack fort was constructed By Akbar 10- Marcher lake find in? Dadu 11- Pakistan number among world universe of discourse? 6th 12- sh be of Punjab among scene of action of Pakistan 5% 13- Length of Khyber light 53km 14- Uranium resources found in Pakistan? D G khan 15- Mostly part of gobi withdraw from found in ? Magnolia 16- Taklimakan desert found Inxinjaning china 17- Longest river of the world is? Nile 18- Largest sea of the world? entropy China Sea 19-Largest coastal boundary bea? Canada 20- Brazi l determine in? South America 21-Which country is peninsula? Saudi Arabia 22- Pakistan situates on which contestation? 1- equator 2- back endcer 3- inecapricorn 4-n iodine 2- correet answer is option 4 23- McMahan line is primed(p) b/w? India and china 24- Who is david patrias? american general in Afghanistan 5- 1 meter is bear upon to? 3. 28 foot 26- Caspian sea makes his boundaries with Iran, Russia, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan. 27- Largest agency among landing field in Pakistan? South Waziristan 28- Old name of Iraq? Mesopotamia 29-Blood is red due to? haemoglobin 30-Marian trance determine near? Philippines 31- Headquarter of ghandhara civilization is? Texila 32- Head quarter of SAARC is dictated at? Katmandu 33- Maximum wool producing country is? Australia 34- Official morality of japan is? Shintoism 35- Which element use for producing nuclear fuel? Uranium 36- How many a(prenominal) rooku in 30 Para of ledger? 9 37-which is less theater director? 1- i ron, 2-copper 3- silver 4-wood My answer was wood but not cheery 38-nigara recall lies b/w USA and Canada 39- Which is shortest country of world among bea 1- Maldives 2- Malta 3- San Marino 4- Bahrain Correct answer is option 3 San Marino 40- consecrate prophet PBUH ap take aimed governor of Yemen for collection zakat? Hazrat Muaz bin Jabal 41- How many times zakatmention in Quran? 32 times 42-which Sura gives details among zakat soak upr? Sura sousaphone 43-where world-class wahii nazall hoe? Ghar-e-hira 44- When zakat decl bed must 2 hijra 45-Light of sun reach in earth 8. 5 mint While former(a) options was 3mint 4mint 6. 5 mint) 46- Headquarter of ILO situated in? Geneva 47- Muslim league name was purposed by? nawab Saleem Ullah Khan of Dhaka 48- Jaundice is disturb of which partof body coloured 49- Quaid Azam leaves congress due ton on- cooperative moment by Gandhi 50-in hepatitis which reed organ disturb? Liver 51- Nisab in the amount of gold? 87. 48 gravitational cons tant (But in paper there was not dotpresent b/w 87 and48) 52- Nisab in silver is? 612. 32 gram 53-produce which is equal to nisab? 948kg wheat or equal 54-if a person having millat1800kg whose prize is one-half among wheat who many rupees he give birth zakat zero 5-who was Father of the french Revolution? Jean-Jacques Rousseau 56-statue of freedom in new york is given by France 57- ring driveway is a famous? Stock market in modern York 58- Sunlight consists of coolers? a-1 b- 3 c-7 (Notconfirm waiting for reply) 59-theory of relativity is presented by? flair 60- Cash crop is? Which not accomplished for own use 61- colored cultivated area gives amount usher equalto 1/20 62- If a person obtained several(prenominal)thing from underground the amount of zakat applicable? 1/5 63-zakat among posterior applicable on? 40 goats 64- Amount of zakat among gold silverand a bid things . 5 % 65- A government company obtained 1 billion nett profit tellwho much rupees its gives asa zak at Zero 66-zakat canon promul admittanced on 20 June 1980 67-according to section17 tauluqa committee is equal to tehsil committee 68- dasman rook is residence ofameer kwait 69-procelain tower is present inchina 70- which muslim organization founded in 1962 71- crtography is the news report of secret writing 72-founder of souct momemtRobert Baden-Powell 73- elysee palace is theresidence offrench president 74- south largest population in afghanistan? tajik 75-worldwide spread disease is called? epidemic 6- zakat course of instruction start on according to hijra clender 77- zakat year end ? 30 shaban 78- governer appointe chief administer with the name with federal government 79- administerator general appointed bypresident 80- The magnitude of earthquake is measured with? Richter graduated table 81- Who forwarded the Lahore(Pakistan) Resolution? A. K fazlul haq 82- East India Company came to India in the reign of A)Shah Jahan B) Jahangir C) Aurangzeb D) Babar 83- The largest M uslim country according to area is? kazakistan 84- Zakat can be spent onA)Travelers B) Slaves C) Masakin D)All of these 85- Zakat is exempted onA)Sheep grazing fed free in pastures B) FruitsC) Vegetables D) All ofthem 86- Who was cognise as the Man of Destiny? nepolin bona part 87- A butchs Peak is in? sri lanka 88- consort to the Zakat Ordinance Zakat arrears are collected by? tehsildar 89- Red Cross/ lunate HQ is in? geneva 90-Brain Draintransfer of Skilled labors 91light year complete direction in1 year 92musician of antham isAhmed gulami chagla 93- setoff ushr receive ? 1982-83 rabi crop 94-DZ committe disolved ifmember remain not pious 95- if a person failedto pay zakat what act can do? send a notice. 1) Which of the fol disordereding(a) rivers crosses the equator double? ) Congo 2) Which is the longest river of America? b) Mississippi 3) Don is river of ? b) Russia 4) What is the lengthof khyber pass? c) 56 km 5) Longest glacier of the world isLambert situated in Antarctic a, what is itslength? a) 320 Miles 6) Which of the following lake is or so polluted lake in the world? d) Lake eire 7) Tugela irrigate fall is present in? b) South Africa 8) Gota distribution channel is the ship canal situated in ? c) Sweden 9) Kiel canal of Germany was opened in1895 what is its length? c) 61. 3 miles 10) Erie canal is situated in ? c) USA 11) Houston and Delware canals are present in the country? b) France 2) Grand canal is oldest man made canal for shipingpurpose situated in? b) China 13) Persian Gulf is rigid in? b) Arabian ocean 14) Sutherland weeweefall is present in? a) New-Zealand 15) Hudson Bay is situated in? c) Northern Canada 16) Which is the largest gulf of the world? a) Gulf of Mexico 17) Which is the largest bespeak of the world? a) Hudson bay 18) Yosemite is a famous peefall of ? a) USA 19) Strait of Bosporous connects? c) Black sea and sea ofmarmara 20) It separates Italy from Sicily? c) Messina 21) Strait of malacca separates? b) Malaysia and indonesia 22) Which of the following straits separate india From Sri Lanka? ) Palk 23) Which of the following straits separate Malaysia from Singapore? b) Johor 24) Budapest is the with child(p) ofHungary situated on the bank of? c) River Danube 25) Sea of Marmara and Aegean sea are connected by the strait? c) Dardanelles 26) Cook strait separates south New-Zealand from? b) North New-Zealand 27) Paris is the capital of France situated on the bank of? a) Seine 28) English channel separates England from? b) France 29) Agra is very famous city of India due to Taj Mahal, it is situated on thebank of river? c) Jumna 30) Great capital of Seychelles desert is present in? c) Australia Yome -Afra is called to hadj daylight. Name of the placewhere the pilgrims go from Arafat Muzdalfa. First structure of Kaaba was built byA decametre. Ibrahim & Ismail rebuilt Kaaba 4500 years ago. Yum -e-Nahar is called to the twenty-four hours of Sacrifice. Yum e Arafat is 9th Zul hajj. One kh utba is recited during Hajj. Al -Imarn is the surah in which Hajj is commanded. sanctum sanctorum vaticinator sacrificed 63 camels duringhajj. Adam and Hazrat Hawa performedthe introductory ever Hajj. Running b/w Safa & Marwa s motionless t imes is called Sayee. Most important step of Hajj afterwards assuming Ahram is Wuquf. Waqoof -e-Arfah is the Rukn-e-Azam of Hajj With the performance of Rami onthe tenth Zil -Hajj, the most of the bindings of Hajj on thepilgrim are released. Three uprigh t stones are called Jamarat. subsequently Waquf the most important step is Tawaf. In Hajj there are three obligations (Farz). Umrah can be performedat any time throughout the yearexcept 9th to 11th Zil -Hajj. Hujjaj stat at mynah for one day, the second d ay at Arafat and the final day, en face packment is donefor a night at Muzdalfah, it is called Wuquf. Who said that Hajj isgreatest of all worships imaum Malik. How many inapplicable acts of Ihraam are there six. How man y permitted acts of Ihraam arether eFour. Prohibitions and restructions of Ihram are8. The scratch and the foremost Farz ofHajj and Umrah is Ihram. The commencement and inner most mobilise virtually Kaba is Masjid -e-Haram. The second circle nigh Kaba is Makkah Mukaramah. The third circle around Kaba is Haram. Who firsly fixed boundaries of Haram, the third circle around Kaaba Adam. The fourth cirle around Kaba is Mowaqeet. The place where no one can advance without putting on Ihram is Mowaqeet. Two thousand years onward the creation of Adam, Kaba was constructed. Angels built Kaba for the first time inthe universe. During the Noahs time Kaaba disappeared due to flood. The gate which is the best for the pilgrims to encrypt in Kaba is Bab -e-Salam. Hajr -e-Aswad authority black stone. Actual color of Hajr-e-Aswad was white. The small fragment of landb/wk Rukn -e-Islam and Rukn-e-Yamani is called Hateem. The place where offering prayer is just like offering pra yer inside Kaba is Hateem. There are five types of Tawaf. haji go to Al -Multazim after completing the s level rounds. Al -Multazim means the place of holding. The portion of the wall of Kaba which is b/w its door and Hajr -e-Aswad is called al-Multazim. Sayee is commenced from Safa andends at Marwa. After performing Say ee Hujjaj go to Mina. Muzdalfa is a plain. Muzdalfa is located b/w Mina & Arafat. Muzdalfa is located six miles from Makkah. From Mina Muzdalfa is three milesaway. Muzdalfa is called Sacred Monument in Quran. At Muzdalfa Maghrib & Ishaprayers are offered together. Pebbles are collected fromMuzdalfa. Jamarat which is nearest to Makkah iscalled Jamarat -ul-Uqba. Smallest Jamarat is Jamarat -al-Sughra. Rami is held at Mina. Talbiah is stopped after Rami. Afrad, Qarran and Tamatae are he types of Hajj. Dhulhulaifah is the Meeqat for the people of Pakistan. Dhulhulaifah is a point six milefrom Madina. Muslim history month wise outlines Muharram- ul-Haram 1st appear of new Muslim year2nd Arrival of imaum Hussain(a. s. ) in Karbala (61 A. H. )seventh Access to water was blocked from thecamp of imaum Hussain(a. s. ) the 3rd Blessed imam (61 A. H. )10th Ashoora Martyrdom of imaum Hussain(a. s. ) and his companions (61 A. H. )11th Prophet Mohammad(sawaw)s family was shackled a nd taken away as prisoners twelfth Soyem of the martyrs of Karbala 16th Change of direction of qibla from Bait-al-maqdas to Kaaba (2 A. H. )17th Attack of Abrahas soldiery on Khana -e-Kaaba (1 Aamul Feel)25th Martyrdom of imam Ali Zain-al-Abideen(a. s. ) the 4th hallowed Imam (95 A. H. ) Safar-ul-Muzaffar 1st affair of Siffin (36-37 A. H. )3rd brook of Imam Mohammad Baqir(a. s. ) the 5th divine Imam (57 A. H. ) Disputed date6th, cardinalh or 13th Martyrdom of Hazrat Sakina bint-al-Hussain(a. s. ) (61 A. H. ) 7th give up of Imam Moosa al-Kazim(a. s. ) the 7th Holy Imam (128 A. H. ) 7th Martyrdom of Imam Hasan(a. s. ) the 2nd Holy Imam (50 A. H. ) Disputed date 7th Martyrdom of Imam Ali ibn-e-Moosa ar-Riza(a. s. ) the 8th Holy Imam (203 A. H. )19th Abraha attacked Khana-e-Kaaba (1 Aamul Feel)20th Arbaeen of martyrs of Karbala 28th Wisal of ProphetMuhammad(sawaw) (11 A. H. )28th Martyrdom of Imam Hasan(a. s. ) the 2nd Holy Imam (50 A. H. )29th Martyrdom of Imam Ali ibn-e-Moosa ar-Riza(a. s. ) the 8th Holy Imam (203 A. H. ) Disputed date Rabi-al-Awwal 1st Hijrat-e-Madina Start of Islamic Hijri calendar4th devastation of Hazrat FatimaMasooma-e-Qum(a. s. ) (201 A. H. ) Disputed date8th Martyrdom of Imam Hasan Askari(a. s. ) he 11th Holy Imam (260 A. H. ) 8th Beginning of Ghaibat-e-Sughra of Imam Mohammad Mehdi(atfs) the twelfth Holy Imam(a. s. )9th Eid-e-Zahra(s. a. )10th finis of Hazrat Abdul Mutallib(a. s. ) grand father of ProphetMuhammad(sawaw) 10th Marriage of Prophet Muhammad(sawaw) and Hazrat Khadija(s. a. )fifteenth make of Masjid-e-Quba the first Masjid in Is lam (1 A. H. )17th stomach ofProphet Muhammad(sawaw) (53 years in the beginning Hijra) 17th stand of Imam Jafer Sadiq(a. s. ) the 6th Holy Imam (82 A. H. )25th decease of Hazrat Abu Talib(a. s. ) Rabi-us-Sani 8th or 10th Birth of Imam Hasan Askari(a. . ) the 11th Holy Imam (232 A. H. )10th Death of Hazrat Fatima Masooma-e-Qum(a. s. ) (201 A. H. ) Disputed date Jamadi-al-Awwal 5th Birth of Hazrat Zainab bint-e-Ali(a. s. ) (5 A. H. )13th Death of Hazrat Fatima Zahra(s. a. ) (11 A. H. )15th Birth of Imam Ali Zain-al-Abideen(a. s. ) the 4th Holy Imam (38 A. H. ) Disputed date 17th Battle of Jamal (36 A. H. ) Jamadi-us-Sani 10th Battle of Mauta and martyrdom of Hazra Jafer Tayyar(a. s. ) (3 A. H. )13th Death of Hazrat Umm-ul-Baneen M early(a) of Hazrat Abbas(a. s. ) 20th Birth of Hazrat Fatima Zahra(s. a. ) Rajab-ul-Murrajjab st Birth of Imam Mohammad Baqir(a. s. ) the 5th Holy Imam (57 A. H. )2nd or 5th Birth of Imam Ali Naqi al-Hadi(a. s. ) the 10th Hol y Imam (214 A. H. )3rd Martyrdom of Imam Ali Naqi al-Hadi(a. s. ) the 10th Holy Imam (254 A. H. ) 10th Birth of Imam Mohammad Taqial-Jawwad(a. s. ) the 9th Holy Imam (195 A. H. )12th Death of Hazrat Abbas ibn-e-Abdul Muttalib(a. s. ) uncle of ProphetMohammad(sawaw)13th Birth of Imam Ali(a. s. ) the 1st Holy Imam (30 Aamul Feel) 13th, 14th, 15th Ayyam-e-Bayd the bright days15th Death of Hazrat Zainab bin-e-Ali(a. s. ) (62 A. H. )20th Birth of Hazrat Sakina bint-al-Hussain(a. s. ) (57 A. H. ) 24th Battle of Khaibar (7 A. H. )25th Martyrdom of Imam Moosa-e-Kazim(a. s. ) the 7th Holy Imam (183 A. H. )26th Death of Hazrat Abu Talib(a. s. ) Disputed date 27th Event of Mairaj ascension of Prophet Muhammad(sawaw) towards heavens28th Start of journey of Imam Hussain(a. s. ) towards Karbala (60 A. H. )29th Battle of Tabooq (9 A. H. ) Shabaan-ul-Moazzam 1st Birth of Hazrat Zainab bint-e-Ali(a. s. ) (5 A. H. ) 3rd Birth of Imam Hussain(a. s. ) the3rd Holy Imam (4 A. H. )4th Birth of Hazrat Abbas(a. s. (26A. H. )5th Birth of Imam Ali Zain-al-Abideen(a. s. ) the 4th Holy Imam (38 A. H. ) 7th Birth of Hazrat Qasim ibn-e-Hasan(a. s. ) (48 A. H. )8th Beginning of Ghaibat-e-Sughra of Imam Mohammad Mehdi(atfs) the 12th Holy Imam (260A. H. ) 11th Birth of Hazrat AliAkbar(a. s. ) (44 A. H. )13th, 14th, 15th Ayyam-e-Bayd the bright days14th Evening Aamal of Neema-e-Shabaan 15th Birth of Imam Mohammad Mehdi(atfs) the 12th Holy Imam (255A. H. ) 238. The commandment for observing Fast has been stipulated in the Surah Al-Baqara239. What is propitiation for breaking the Fast?To feed 60 people240. It is a door through which fast observing people would enter paradise. Bab-ul-Riyan241. Which important night travel in Ramzan? Lailat-ul-Qadr242. How many days are forbidden for fasting throughout the year? 5243. In which month virtues flourish and evil is suppressed? Ramzan244. What is the heart of Aitekaf? Seclusion245. Aitekaf during t he month of Ramzan is. Wajib246. Which Rukn-e-Islam is called as shield? Fasting247. Which is the Third fundamental pillar of Islam? Fasting248. When Siyyam of Ramzan was tell? 2 A. H 249. Tarawih is a prayer of Ramzan. It means. To stand250.Which important Ghazwa was fought in the very first Ramzan? Badr251. Who arranged Namaz-e-Tarawih in the leadinghip of Imam? Hazrat Umar (R. A) 252. literally meaning of Hajj is The leave alone of visit 254. Hajj was made compulsory in 9 A. H253. Yome- Afra is called Hajj Day 254. The Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) performedHajj in his life. One 255. Hajj is a pilgrimage of Holy Kabba256. When did the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) offer Hajj? 10 A. H 257. There are.. types of Hajj. Three258. In which Surah Hajj has been commanded? Al-Baqara259. How many camels the Holy Prophet (PBUH) scarified? 63260. Shoot meansOne tawaf of Kabba 261. The day of sacrifice during Hajj is called.. Yum-e-Nehr262. The rite of offering sacrifice is performed atMina 263. Jamarat on 10th, 11th, 12th and 13th of the Zil Hajj is performed in. Mina264. Which dickens prayers are offered together at Muzdalifa on the 9th Zil-ul-Hajj? Maghrib-Isha 265. The number of Khutbas during the Hajj is.. One266. The first Hajj was performed byHazrat Adam (A. S), Hazrat Hawa (A. S)267. Who built the first structure of the holy Kabba? Hazrat Adam (A. S)268. What is the fundamental pillar of Islam which requires two physical and financialsacrifices? Hajj269.Literally international jihad meansTo strive hard 270. Jihad was ordained on Muslims through a Quranic verse in(A. H) 2nd271. The battle was forbidden i n Arabs in the month of Muharram272. The word Jihad is derived from the wordJuhada 273. The meaning of Jihad fi Sbil Allah is.. Fighting in the way of Allah274. What is the meaning of Qital? Fighting275. How many encounters took place among the Muslims and non-Muslims during the lifeof the Holy Prophet (PBUH)? 82276. What is the meaning of Rukn? Support277. What is the plural f Rukn? Arkan278. What is said to Namaz in Arabic? Salat279. What are the meanings of Salat?Rehmat, Barkat280. When Namaz was uniform? On 27th Rajab 10th Hijri on the occasion of Mehraj281. What is the difference amidst Kufr and Islam? Namaz282. Name the five NamazFajar, Zuhar, Asar, Maghrib, Isha 283. report the Farz Rakaats of each NamazFajar 2, Zuhar 4, Asar 4, Maghrib 3, Isha 4284. What are the Farz of Namaz (Salat)? Qayyam, Rakoo, Sajda285. Which kind of worship is liked by Allah? Namaz286. When Wazoo was ordered? 5 Hijra287. When Azan was started? 1 Hijra288. When Tayammum was ordered? 5 Hijra289. Namaz-Ba-Jamaat is how much better than several(prenominal) Namaz? 27 times290. In which timings the Namaz is prohibited?Sun rising, suns setting, sun at the mid291. When first azan was read in Kabba? 9 Hijri, on the occasion of conquest of Makah292. Which Namaz Allah likes among Nafli Namaz? Namaz-e-Tahajat293. What the Namaz-e-Jumma and Eids create in Muslim s? Collectiveness (Gathering)294. When is Namaz-e-Kasoof read? At the time of Solar eclipse295. When Namaz-e-Kauf is read? When no rains296. How many Takbeers are in Namaz-e-Janaza? Four297. When the order for Tahweel-e-Qibla was made? 2 Hijri298. When first Namaz of Eid-ul-Fitr was read? 1st Shawal, 2 Hijri 1. On Judgement Day, what will be asked first? Namaz2.How many times word Zakat is used in Makki Surahs? 22 times3. What is the rate of usher for canal irrigated Zameen? 5 per cent or 1/54. Who are not entitled to get Zakat? Parents, Husband, wife and children5. What is the 4th Rukn (pillar) of Islam? Roza (fasting)6. How many Arkan Roza has? Three, to restrict eating, drinking and sexual intercourse7. What are the objectives of Roza? Taqwa, Zabti-Nafas, Shukar8. What we say to 1st Ashra of Ramzan catacomb of fractures and run down at the lowest point around the root and the Indus River. blockming the Indus has already caused a number of environmental problems that have not y etaddressed.Silt deposited in the proposed Kalabagh dam would shape up curtail the water retentivity readiness of Manchar Lake and other lakes and of wetlands like Haleji Lake. President General Musharraf and other leaders, much(prenominal) as Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz, have promised ? iron -clad entire guarantees to ensure that Sindh gets its fair share of water. However, these assurances mean little to most Sindhis, who point out that even the earlier 1991Indus Water-Sharing Accord, which is a document already guaranteed by the constitutional body, the Council of Common Interests, has been violated,and that Punjab has ? tolen their water. The objection to Kalabagh in Sindh is widespread. Even political parties of Sindh that are in thecentral cabinet and are supported by General Musharraf, such as the MQM, have stronglydenounced the dam. NWFP viewpointThe NWFP has two main objections to the dam. While the reservoir will be in the NWFP, thedams electricity-generating turbines will be justacross the provincial border in Punjab. Therefore, Punjab would get royalties from the centralgovernment in capital of Pakistan for generating electricity. Contrary to this,however, Punjab has agreednot to accept any royalties from the Kalabagh Dam.The particular that theNWFP will suffer theadverse consequences of the reservoir but not get royalties is seen as unfair. Concerns that large areas of Nowshera district would be submerged by the dam and even widerareas would suffer from waterlogging and salinityas has occurred with theTarbela Dam. Balochistan viewpointThe dam does not directly come to the Baloch as such. Rather, most nationalist Baloch Sardars seesthe dam as another showcase of Punjab lording it over the smaller state of matters. By opposing the damthey are signaling their estrangement with being thepoorest province and most neglected of all indevelopment.In reality Balochistan can alone get more water and its due share after the saying of Kalabagh dam an d Kachhi canal. The Common Mans ViewpointMajority of people of Pakistan are against the construction Kalabagh dam, as its construction canprove a danger to conserve the unification of provinces under the name Pakistan. The only peoplewho want the construction of Kalabagh dam can be classified into two groups The first is thehigh ranked officers of Pakistan army, whowill be granted farmlands to beirrigated by Kalabaghdam after the retirements (in fact these are themost baronful supporters of dam).The secondgroup is the political leaders of Punjab since the issue has turned out be a war between Sindh andPunjab, so by favouring the construction of Dam, Punjabi politicians can watch over their vote-bank. The only fence why President Pervaiz Musharaf favours Kalabhgh dam is because he needs the support of Punjab to sustain his dictatorship in the country. All the ? oppressed provinces (Sindh, NWFP and Balochistan) of the country has already expressed a huge concernover the constructi on of dam, specially in Sindh where every single street has observed the protestagainst the dam.The people of these oppressed provinces do not believe in any guarantee from ? Punjabiz Pakistani government as it has already do ne many decisions against theconstitution/treaties, for example, the regulation of water in Chashma-Jehlem link canal. AnalysisMost freelance analysts believe that the foremost problem with the proposed dam at Kalabaghis one of a self-reliance deficit between the Punjab on one side and the other three provinces on the other. The noted columnist, Ayaz Amir suggested that the people of Punjab should redefine theirassumptions approximately the rest of Pakistan and distribution of resources.A layman of Punjab does notunderstand why the rest of Pakistan does not trust Punjab. The answer, according to Amir, lies inthe frequent coups staged by the Pakistan Army (which is overwhelmingly Punjabi in itscomposition), as well as the Armys extra-constitutional interventi on and influence in publicsector and civil institutions of the country in general and Sindh inparticular. Now no province isready to trust the Punjab. All Pakistanis agree that Pakistan faces a severe water shortage, and that some form of watermanagement must be implemented soon.Many point out that even if take on Kalabagh were tostart tomorrow, it would still take at least eightyears to complete and commissionsuch a largedam. In the meantime, the water situation would continue to worsen. Smaller dams, barrages, andcanals must be built before that, and water conservation techniques introduced. The WAPDA for years repeatedly changed its statistics on the dam, to the point where no-one inPakistan without delay believes any of its figures. Government of Pakistan formed a technical committee,headed by A.N. G. Abbasi, to lease the technical merits of the Kalabagh dam vis-a-vis the othertwo. The four- playscript technical report concluded that Bhasha or Katzarah dam should be builtbef ore Kalabagh, further complicating matters. To make matters even more complex, the reportalso express that Kalabagh and Bhasha Dams could be considered feasible. The abrupt way in which President General Musharraf announced the decision to build the dam,simply overruling the objections of the smaller states, has sharply polarised public opinion.In Punjab the view is one of? its high time while in the other states, especially Sindh,the reactionhas been one of ? over my dead body?. The fact that the General literally dragged so controversial an issue off the backburner and thrustit into national means stage without consideringthe inevitable reactions from the smallerprovinces has left many aghast. Much has been said in the press, and the issue is still far frombeing resolved. KAROONJHAR DAMKaroonjhar Dam is a dam in Tharparkar, Sindh, Pakistan.MANGLA DAMAs per the Indus Waters accord signed in 1960, India gained rights for the Ravi, Sutlej and Beasrivers, while Pakistan, in addit ion to waters of preceding(prenominal) three rivers in her area and some monetarycompensation, got rights to develop the Jhelum, Chenab and Indus river basins. Until 1967, theentire irrigation system of Pakistan was to the full dependent on unregulated flows of theIndus and itsmajor tributaries. The agricultural yield was very low for anumber of reasons, themost importantbeing a lack of water during precise growingperiods.This problem stemmed from the seasonalvariations in the river flow and the absence of storage reservoirs to conserve the vast amounts ofsurplus water during periods of high riverdischarge. The Mangla Dam was the first development project undertaken to reduce this shortcoming andstrengthen the irrigation system. The dam wasdamaged partly during anIndian Air Forcebombing in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 when the hydel project was hit by the bombs. The Mangla Dam projectThe Mangla Dam, the twelfth largest dam and third largest earth-filled dam in the world, is on ly115 km southeast of Rawalpindi.One has to turn left from Dina Town and the dam on riverJhelum is slightly 14 km to the east. It was constructed in 1967 across the Jhelum River, about 100miles southeast of the federal capital, Islamabad. The main structures of the dam include 4embankment dams, 2 spillways, 5 power-cum-irrigation tunnels and a power station. The main dam is 10,300 feet long and 454 feet high (above core trench) with a reservoir of 97. 7square miles. Since its first impounding in 1967, sedimentation has occurred to the extent of 1. 13MAF, and the present clear storage capacity has declined to 4. 5 MAF from the actual design of5. 88 MAF. The persist capacity has declined to 4. 58 MAF from 5. 34 MAF. This implies a reductionof 19. 22% in the capacity of the dam. The project was designed primarily to increase the amount of water that could be used forirrigation from the flow of the Jhelum and itstributaries. Its secondary function was to generateelectrical power from the irrigation releases at the artificial head ofthe reservoir. The project wasnot designed as a flood command structure, although some benefit in this respect also arises from itsuse for irrigation and water supply.In the centre of the dam there is a Gakkhar Fort from where one can have a panoramic view of thelake. MIRANI DAMMirani Dam is located in Gwadar District, Balochistan,Pakistan. Mirani Dam multipurposeproject, is located on Dasht River, about 30 miles west of Turbat in Makran discussion section ofBalochistan, it envisages provision of dependable irrigation supplies for the development refirrigated agriculture on the two banks of the river. The project have been ideal in November2006 and inaugurated by president Pervaiz of Pakistan.SHAKIDOR DAMThe Shakidor (Shadi Kor) dam is located near Pasni, in the Balochistan province of south westPakistan, 1,900 km (1,180 miles) from Islamabad and has a length of about 148 meters (485 feet). It was built in 2003, at acost of 45 mil lion rupees (758,853 dollars), to provide irrigation water tothe nearby farms. On February 10, 2005, the dam burst under the pressure of a weeks worth of rain, cleanup at least70 villagers and dragging their bodiesto the Arabian Sea. ThePakistani military was sent intoemergency expect and Rescue operations, saving 1,200 people but still having to account for over400 missing.SUKKAR BARRAGEThe Sukkur barrage is a barrage across the Indus river near the city of Sukkur, Pakistan. It wasbuilt during the British Raj from 1923 to 1932 as the Lloyd Barrage tohelp alleviate faminescaused by lack of rain. The barrage enables water to flow through what was originally a 6166-mile long network of canals, nourishment thelargest irrigation system in the world, with more than5million acres (20,000 km? ) of irrigated land. The retaining wall has 66 spans, each 60 feet wide each span has a gate which weighs 50tons.TARBELA DAMTarbela Dam (or the National Dam), the worlds largest earth-filled dam o n one of the worldsmost important rivers the Indus-, is 103km from Rawalpindi near Haripur District. It is a majorsource of Pakistans total hydroelectric capacity. Tarbela Dam is part of the Indus lav Project,which resulted from a water treaty signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan, guaranteeingPakistan water supplies independent of upriver control by India. Construction began in 1968,and was completed in 1976 at a cost of Rs. 18. 5 billion. Over 15,000 Pakistani and 800 foreignworkers and engineers worked during its construction.It is the biggest hydel power station inPakistan having a capacity of generating 3,478 MW of electricity. The dam has a volume of138,600,000 cubic yards (106,000,000 m? ). With a reservoir capacity of 11,098,000 acre-feet(13. 69 km? ), the dam is 469feet (143 m) high and 8,997 feet (2,743 m) wide at its crest whiletotal area of the lake is 260 sq. km. It helps to maintain the flow of the Indus during seasonalfluctuations. A new, smaller hydroelectric power project has been veritable downstream known as the GhaziBarotha Hydel Power Project.It is solely forgenerating electricity and has awater channel withthe highest flow in the world. While the dam has fulfil its purpose instoring water for agricultural use in Pakistan,there havebeen environmental consequences to the Indus river delta. Reductions of seasonal flooding andreduced water flows to the delta have decreased mangrove stands and the abundance of some fishspecies. Permits are required for visiting the Dam. Please extend to Public Relations Officer (PRO), Waterand Power Development Authority (WAPDA), Tarbela (Tel 051-568941-2).A No-ObjectionCertificate (NOC) from the Ministry of inside(prenominal) (Shaheed-e-Millat Sectt. ), Islamabad is alsorequired for foreign visitors. DIAMER-BHASHA DAMDiamer-Bhasha Dam is the name of a dam that has been mean in the Northern Areas ofPakistan on the River Indus. It is located about 314 km upstream of Tarbela Dam and about 165km downs tream of Gilgit. The dam is expected to create a large reservoir with a gross capacity of7. 3 million-acre feet (9 km? ) submerging large tracts of landin the Diamer district. The dam issupposed to have a power generation capacity of 3. 60 megawatts and is expected to considerableease up the reorient hydro to thermal power generation ratio in Pakistan. It is expected that thedetailed drawings of the dam would be completed by March 2008, immediately after whichconstruction work shall begin. TANDA DAM (RAMSAR SITE)Tanda Dam is lcated inKohat District, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. The sitecomprises a small water storage area insemi-arid hills in thecatchments of the Kohat Toi River. Although most of the shoreline is steep, bouldery and devoid of aquatic vegetation, at the west endthere are some areas of gently shelving muddy shores with a small amount of emergent